Behaviorism and Classical Conditioning Essay - 3350 Words

Abstract The year 1913 marks the birth of the most radical of all psychological concepts, that of Behaviorism (Moore, 1921). Since the original behavioral theories were studied by scientists such as Edward Thorndike and John B. Watson, there have been many variations of the behaviorist view that have surfaced over the years. In this paper I will attempt to give a detailed description of the history of behaviorism including information about some of the most influential men associated with this movement. I will also explain the methodologies associated with behaviorism such as classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and other controversial theories and views. Behaviorism The atmosphere surrounding the psychological†¦show more content†¦Watson then extinguished the fear by presenting the rat without the loud noise. Through the years since John Watson initially fathered the theories behind behaviorism, there have been many theorists who have questioned his radical practices and elaborated on his methodologies. Yet, through the many controversies and skepticism, the theories of our modern day humanistic and more eclectic behaviorism are still deeply rooted in the early works of Watson. Another of the key players in the development of the behaviorist theory and, like Watson, most known for his work in classical conditioning is Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936). In fact, Pavlov is famed for first introducing classical conditioning in 1903. Pavlovs most famous experiment where he demonstrated classical conditioning involved a dog, food, and a bell. Before conditioning, ringing the bell caused no response from the dog. Placing food in front of t he dog initiated salivation. During conditioning, the bell was rung a few seconds before the dog was presented with food. After conditioning, the ringing of the bell alone produced saliva (Dembo, 1994). During this experiment, Pavlov coined several terms to define the stimulus-response associations that he discovered. The initiation of salivation due to the presence of the food was an unconditioned association. The phrase unconditioned association refers to the fact that the dog didShow MoreRelatedBehaviorism: Classical Conditioning1197 Words   |  5 PagesThere are four primary conditioning theories of behaviorism. These four theories are Pavlov’s (1849-1936) classical conditioning, Thorndike’s (1874-1949) connectionism (also known as law of effect), Guthrie s (1886-1959) contiguous conditioning, and Skinner’s (1904-1990) operant conditioning. According to the text (Shunk 2012) Classical conditioning was discovered around the beginning of the 20th century by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov was studying digestive process in dogs when heRead MoreBehaviorism And Classical Conditioning And Operant Conditioning Essay1504 Words   |  7 PagesBehaviorism is one of many theories in the field of psychology. It can be applied in different learning scenarios for different research purposes. Biographical information will be provided about the founders of the theory who are John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner. However, the information will focus more on their early education and known achievements. Furthermore, you will find different theories regarding behaviorism such as classical conditioning and operant conditioning. In order to understandRead MoreBehaviorism Theory Of Classical Conditioning1700 Words   |  7 Pages Behaviorism is a theory that behavior can be altered through conditioning. Behaviorism does not focus on thoughts or feelings of the subject, just their behavior. Ivan Pavlov was a major part of this movement of behaviorism with his theory of classical conditioning. The most important part of classical conditioning is that it is done through repetition. In his experiment he began with noticing that an unconditioned stimulus like dog food causes an unconditioned response like salivation. He thenRead MoreBehaviorism, Operant And Classical Conditioning1309 Words   |  6 Pagesideas and concepts and challenging them until they figured out how behavior works. Behaviorism is a school of thought that was joined from no other than John B. Watson. Behaviorism is the theory or doctrine that human or animal psychology can be accurately studied only through the examination and analysis of objectively observable and quantifiable behavioral events, in contrast with subjective mental states. Behaviorism was a movement in psychology and philosophy that emphasized the outward behavioralRead MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning And Behaviorism753 Words   |  4 Pagesexperiment of how dog salivate before and after conditioning. His fundamental study was based on digestion and behaviors that are evoked during an event and an anticipate response. Yet, his experiment awoke the twentieth century by a different type of learning called Classical conditioning, which is a compulsory or unconditional type of learning from one stimulus to another through a response. The master of classical conditioning and behaviorism For many centuries ago, various studiesRead MoreClassical Conditioning and Behaviorism Essay1096 Words   |  5 PagesClassical Conditioning and Behaviorism When taking psychology classes I have always enjoyed learning about behaviorism because it seems so cut and dry; if someone wanted to get a clear understanding or their fellow man, all they would have to do is sit back and observe. With behaviorism there is no Id, Ego or Superego to take into account, just raw behavior. While this approach seems simple enough, I feel that it can only offer an incomplete window into seeing how people function and react withRead MoreJohn B. Watson s Theory Of Psychology1048 Words   |  5 Pagesan enduring influence on psychology. Possibly his biggest contributions to psychology were his theory of behaviorism and his experiment on Little Albert. Though Watson’s experiments were extremely unethical and behaviorism doesn’t account for biological psychology, Watson was an extremely remarkable psychologist because of his principal of behaviorism and his findings on classical conditioning. Background John Broadus Watson was born on January 8, 1878 in Travelers Rest, South Carolina. Watson’s familyRead MoreBehaviorism The Developmental Grand Theory1525 Words   |  7 PagesBehaviorism the Developmental Grand Theory Hillary C. Wade Cisco College Author Note This paper was prepared for Psychology 2314 Lifespan Growth and Development, Fall Mini-Semester, Taught by Linda Grant. Abstract Out of all the theories of lifespan development, behaviorism has proven to be the most efficient explanation of how we grow and adapt with our environments. Also known as the learning theory, it was developed by John B. Watson, and with major contributions from B.F. Skinner and Ivan PavlovRead MoreBehaviorism s Theory Of Psychology983 Words   |  4 PagesClassification Behaviorism claims that â€Å"consciousness† is neither defined nor unable concept; that it is merely another word for the â€Å"soul† of more ancient time (Watson, 1970). However, behaviorism holds the subject matter of human psychology it focus on the behavior or activities of the human being. Etymology The word behaviorism originates from the Middle French word behavior, meaning the observable activity in human and animal. This term was coined in 1913 by the United States psychologistRead MoreHow Two Incredibly Innovative Behavior Theorists During Their Time Were By John B. Watson1014 Words   |  5 PagesAmanda Blom EDS 6123 - Educational Practices I Dr. Barbara Murray 20 November 2014 Supervision Research Paper Two incredibly innovative behavior theorists during their time were, John B. Watson, and B. F. Skinner. The spark of the behaviorism movement began after Watson published the classic article Psychology as the behaviorist views it in 1913 (McLeod, 2004). John B. Watson’s prestigious career began in 1903 when he learned his doctorate degree in psychology with a minor in philosophy. Soon

Neoliberalism A New Concept Of Economics - 3118 Words

Neoliberalism in Germany As a new concept of economics, Neoliberalism has been spread in a global range. Many countries, nowadays, have been affected by such form of economy. Germany, one of the countries of which economy has been flourishing and climbing to the top of the group, including the strong and old capitalist countries -- European Union, can be considered as one of the classical case explaining the effects caused from Neoliberalism. After World War II, Germany had been split into two separate countries, Based on Yalta Conference and Potsdam Agreement, the rebuilding and revival were limited strictly to England, US, France and Soviet Union. Until the year 1990, East and West Germany announced to get united. After that, the form of economy successfully transferred to neoliberalism which named as a social market economy in Germany. The reason why it is considered as one of the forms of Neoliberalism is basing on its philosophy which is to try to abandon the interference from government to the economy which means the involvement of pricing and wages or any other form of distribution channel would be eased or even eliminated. As a consequence, the revival of Germany in the period of â€Å"post-war† time seems going successfully and smoothly. Till now, as known to the world, Germany is the biggest economy entity inside the European Union and the fourth-biggest economic power in the world. Also, it is known as the most successful giant in the global trade industry. The pillarShow MoreRelatedNeo Liberalism And Its Impact On Society1414 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction There is a heated debate on this concept during the past 20 years and is somewhat named as exhortation. Many authors have tried to describe this concept and related it with the spread of capitalism and along with a proactive welfare state. The concept of neo liberalism basically revived from liberalism. By this it can be suggested that liberalism was absent from politics in order to emerge in a new form. Neo liberalism is not basically a distinct ideology and a not properRead MoreImpact Of Globalization On Journalism On A Global Scale1677 Words   |  7 PagesPower and democracy play an extremely large role in media industries as well as spatial, economic and political inequalities. To understand this concept cultural labour, indigenous media practises as well as impacts of neoliberalism will need to be addressed to establish the impact of intensifies market forces on journalism on a global scale. (Lechner, 2002) Neoliberalism is the political monetary standard of our time- it alludes to the approaches and techniques whereby a relative handful of privateRead MoreThe Genealogy And Origin Of Neoliberal Globalization1493 Words   |  6 Pagesorigin of neoliberal globalization began in the second half of the 20th century. Neoliberalism came into existence as form of government in many countries around the world. Neoliberalism is essentially a reassertion of class power where the rich become richer and with the removal of bureaucratic and state hurdles one is able to facilitate and strengthen the deregulation of capitalism. To the individual, neoliberalism implies that rationality, individuality, and self-interest guide all actions. It’sRead MoreHow Neoliberalism Has Changed The World1221 Words   |  5 Pages This essay aims to identify how neoliberalism has changed the way we do business in particular managerial strategies to maintain competiveness and adapt to changing market conditions. Firstly, I will briefly explain the term neoliberalism and how it has affected the world. Secondly, I will explain how neoliberalism has influenced managers and their strategic reforms. Thirdly, I will further explain the importance of strategizing and planning in regards to managers in today’s market. Finally, theRead MoreEffect of Neoliberalism or the Shift to a Neoliberal Philosophy on Cities752 Words   |  3 PagesEffect of Neoliberalism, Or the Shift to a Neoliberal Philosophy on Cities Neoliberalism is a concept in social studies and economics. It occurs when control of economic factors shifts to the private sector from the public sector. Neoliberalism is driven by the desire to expand and intensify the market. This is achieved by increasing the frequency, number, and repeatability of transactions. The main aim of neoliberalism is the attainment of a nation where every market transaction is carried out inRead MoreThe Issue Of Freedom And Power1696 Words   |  7 Pageswitnessed in the course of human history have been as a resultant of power and freedom with each section of the population trying to safeguard its own. The paper entails integration of concepts and the relation of freedom to power and change. Concepts Theory one Neoliberalism concept is based on the theory of political and economic processes. The theory explains that human beings can advance best by having liberated individual entrepreneurial freedoms and institutionalized framework with well-defined propertyRead MoreThe Effects Of Neoliberal Ideals On The Portrayal Of Class1144 Words   |  5 Pageseffects neoliberalism has on the portrayal of socioeconomic class, scholars first studied the definition of neoliberalism and its presence within reality TV. Over the years, scholars have essentially aligned on a similar definition of neoliberalism. Neoliberalism is a â€Å"conservative political agenda† that supports the implementation of â€Å"policies such as economic deregulation, the privatization of social provision, and cutbacks in government expenditures like welfare† (Rennel 4). Neoliberalism â€Å"justifiesRead MoreAnalysis : The Sociopolitical Theory Of Neoliberalism Essay1448 Words   |  6 PagesValerie Mangulabnan Prof Marcellini AH 362 6 December 2016 Claire Fontaine is Neoliberalism Society is entranced with the consumer driven values that have steamed from a post-industrial era. This consumerist society fuels many multibillion dollar companies as well as keeps a certain few in power. Neoliberalism is a political theory that is considered to be right-winged and often associated with laissez-faire government policies. Many theorist, economist, and social activist criticizes the neoliberalRead MoreSocial Media And The Global South1529 Words   |  7 Pagesrelied upon by individuals around the world. Social media has become a way for people to share and receive information of any kind. Today, we are going to take a look at ways that social media is connected to neoliberalism, specifically promoting neoliberalism, or characteristics neoliberalism, in the global South. First, social media allows more private entities to penetrate the global South and expand their influences in ways that wouldn’t be possible without the technology we have today. SecondRead Mo reStrengths and Weaknesses of Neorealism, Neoliberalism and Constructivism1390 Words   |  6 PagesStrengths and Weaknesses of Neorealism, Neoliberalism and Constructivism Introduction Our world since its origination has been a ‘hotbed’ of activity. Activity in the sense, we humans have been showing activeness both mentally and physically, which have transformed our globe from an archaic one to an advanced one. That advancement is evident in every sphere of our life, as well as in the ‘sphere’, we live in. In addition, that advancement or development is seen in one of the important activities

The Correlation Between Two Rivals Traditions Of Economic...

Name: Professor: Course: Date: Midterm Exam Q1. The correlation between two rival traditions of economic thought by Hunt Lautzenheister and the great divide in social sciences Smith’s economic theory of economic welfare was, above all else, policy-oriented theory. His principal concern was to ascertain what social and economic forces were most conducive to increasing human welfare, and, by this, to recommend policies that would best promote human happiness. Smith’s definition of economic well-being was quite simple and straightforward. According to Smith, Economic welfare depends on the amount of the annual produce of labour and the number of consumers (Hunt 22). In every economy, welfare increases as the composition of productive output†¦show more content†¦The three social classes each received a distinct form of monetary return; rent, wages and profits. These forms of class income primarily correspond to the three parts of the production costs and determines the prices of commodities. However, Smith assumed that selfish and acquisitive motives characterized all economic behaviour despite his admission that in noneconomic behaviour , people had other motives, including those considered altruistic. The assumption that all economic behaviour depends on selfish, acquisitive motives was to become the foundation of neoclassical economics beginning in the late nineteenth century. Within the context of Smith’s theory of history, capitalism represented the highest stage of civilization, and capitalism would reach its greatest height when in had evolved to a state in which the government had adopted a laissez-faire policy. It allows the forces of competition and the free interplay of supply and demand to regulate the economy, which would be almost entirely unhindered by government interventions. According to Smith, the level of production in any society depends on the number of production labourers and the level of their productivity. Productivity, in turn, depends on specialization. According to the same scholar, specialization is the greatest improvement in the productive power of labour, and the greatest part of the skill. In most instances, there exist two principles that govern the extent of

The Family And Medical Leave Act - 943 Words

The Family and Medical Leave Act was introduced by President Bill Clinton in January of 1993. This policy was implemented for Americans to be awarded the opportunity to take time off and care for their new child or sick relative. In order to qualify for this unpaid maternity leave however, an employee must have worked for a business for at least twelve consecutive months, accumulating at least 1,250 hours of work, and be employed by a business who has a minimum staff of fifty employees. Although this policy offered many newfound benefits for mothers to be, it however did not address the potential health or economical impacts endured by new parents. As a society, we value the health and well being of each citizen; however, in the case of new mothers and their infants these values tend to be less distinct. The case about paid maternity leave is a clear example which demonstrates how these values go unfulfilled, resulting in women having to face a moral dilemma of choosing between what they want to do versus what they must do. Women, are faced with the dilemma to choose to either to spend time at home caring for their new child, which is detrimental for a child’s emotional and cognitive development, or go back to work in order to have a sufficient income to provide for her family. In the case study, it demonstrates how the United States is the only industrialized country without a law assuring paid maternity leave to new mothers, in comparison to other countries such asShow MoreRelatedThe Family Medical Leave Act ( Fmla )1620 Words   |  7 PagesThe Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA) was passed with the idea of creating job protected leave when necessary, while also providing employees with the opportunity to balance work, health, and family responsibilities. FMLA is designed to avoid job loss when employees request additional time off in order to treat a critical medical condition or deal with serious family or personal matters. Due to the establishment of FMLA, workers can now maintain employment as they treat qualifying medical conditionsRead MoreAnalysis of the Amended Family and Medical Leave Act Essay852 Words   |  4 PagesOn August 5, 1993 the amended Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA), was intended to help employees have a work life balance. This accomplishment placed the United Stated ahead of major barriers for the fair labor laws. Before having the amended FMLA put into place, employees were rarely granted job protection for caring for newborns, relatives and personal medical illness. With the new amended act, it allowed employees to take a leave of absence from their job and allowed protection from beingRead MoreEssay about Family and Medical Leave Act (Fmla)885 Words   |  4 PagesFamily and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) What is Family and Medical leave Act (FMLA)? The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) that was passed in 1993, is a national policy that grants workers up to twelve weeks of unpaid leave in four situations. These four situations are for pregnancy; to care for an infant, such as newborns, newly-placed foster children, and adoptions; to care for a relative with a serious health condition; or to allow an employee to recover and recuperate from a personal seriousRead MoreEssay about The Ethical Issues Of Family Medical Leave Act1773 Words   |  8 PagesThe Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA) was eight long years in the making. After many bitter debates between the Republicans and Democrats, Congress passed the Act on February 4, 1993. President Clinton signed the measure into law the following day. The Act became effective on August 5, 1993. The Act required employers with fifty or more employees within a seventy-five mile radius to offer eligible employees up to twelve weeks of unpa id leave during a twelve month period for a variety of medicalRead MoreEmployee Rights And Responsibilities Under The Family Medical Leave Act2290 Words   |  10 PagesBeta Technologies Compliance Policy Employee Rights and Responsibilities under the Family Medical Leave Act FMLA requires covered employers to provide up to 12 weeks of unpaid, job-protected leave to eligible employees for the following reasons: †¢ Incapacity due to pregnancy, prenatal medical care or child birth †¢ To care for employee’s child after birth, or placement for adoption or foster care †¢ To care for employee’s spouse, son, daughter, or parent, who has a serious health condition †¢ A seriousRead MoreEssay about The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA) 1904 Words   |  8 PagesThe balancing act of family and work can be very difficult at times. At some point in everyone’s life, he or she will need to take time off of work to deal with family matters. The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) of 1993 was created to help employees find a balance between the challenging demands of work and home. This Act allows eligible workers that require time off for personal reasons or family emergencies up to twelve weeks of unpaid leave. During the 1992 presidential campaign, GovernorRead MoreFamily And Medical Leave Act959 Words   |  4 Pagesnot have any legislation that gave employees leave time in case of family or medical emergencies. The only exception was the Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1979 that required employers that offered temporary disability programs to cover pregnancy as a disability (â€Å"History of the FMLA Legislation,† n.d.) In early 1993, Congress passed the FMLA and President Bill Clinton signed it, putting into effect in August 1993. The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) grants eligible employees of covered employersRead MoreThe Family And Medical Leave Act1777 Words   |  8 PagesFederal family policies have many components and rules. Each piece can greatly affect several dimensions of life – even if they are unintended. The Family and Medical Leave Act is one example of a policy that influences multiple aspects of life; such as family, finances and economics, and employer attitudes. Through research, we can assess the quality of policies and suggest changes that might be helpful for the entire population. Policy Description and Overview The Family and Medical Leave Act, orRead MoreThe Family And Medical Leave Act2286 Words   |  10 Pagesresurface. Especially, when it comes to maternity leave. Men and women are given an equal amount of time to care for a newborn, but somehow the father returns to work in a matter of days. Why is that, you may ask? It is because America has generalized American into their known stereotype. And because of this, we see men returning to the workforce in a short amount of time. Men, along with women, should have a paid extension from the Family and Medical Leave Act to care for their child, create the bonding

International Business Chapter Nine Free Essays

1) I think Arcelik’s prospects to be better in emerging markets developing economies than in advanced economies. Emerging markets developing economies are attractive to Arcelik because they represent promising export markets for products and services. They are ideal bases for locating manufacturing activities because of low labor costs. We will write a custom essay sample on International Business Chapter Nine or any similar topic only for you Order Now Emerging markets are popular destinations for global sourcing-procurement of products and services from foreign locations. The growing middle class in these countries implies substantial demand for a variety of consumer products. Arcelik should adapt the strategies and tactics to suit unique conditions. Firm can reap benefits from such markets by partnering with family conglomerates 2) Types of risks challenges Arcelik is likely to face in doing business in emerging markets: Political Instability: The absence of reliable or consistent governance from recognized government authorities adds to business costs, increases risks, and reduces manager’s ability to forecast business conditions. Weak Intellectual Property Protection: In many Emerging markets, laws that safeguard intellectual property rights may not been forced, or the judicial process may be painfully slow. Partner availability and Qualifications: Arcelik needs to seek alliances with local companies in countries characterized by inadequate legal and political frameworks. Through local partners, foreign firms can access local market knowledge, establish supplier and distributor networks and develop key government contacts. Special considerations must be taken into account to estimate the true demand in emerging markets. Managers can follow one of three approaches to more realistically assess emerging market potential. They can rely upon per-capita income, considered the size and growth rate of the middle class, and build a more comprehensive set of indicators such as the emerging market potential index. 3) Arcelik can display good corporate social responsibility by engaging in activities that facilitate economic development in emerging market and developing economies. It can serve low income countries with inexpensive, specifically- designed products. To lead in global household appliances, management needs to improve operational efficiency to levels that match or exceed major competitors and increase investment in high growth markets How to cite International Business Chapter Nine, Papers

The Errancy Of Fundamentalism Disproves The God free essay sample

Of The Bible Essay, Research Paper The Errancy of Fundamentalism Disproves the God of the Bible 1. Introduction This essay will look into the often-made claim from Christians, that the Bible is the divine word of God, a corollary of which is that it is absolutely without mistake. This position is exemplified by the undermentioned statement of Jimmy Swaggart, a Pentecostal curate: # 8220 ; One of the most basic renters of the Christian religion is that the Bibles are inerrable. Because the Bible is God # 8217 ; s Word, it is wholly error-free. # 8221 ; ( Swaggart, 1987, p. 8 ) [ 1 ] It will be argued that this position # 8211 ; which will be referred to as Fundamentalism # 8211 ; is the lone possible logical position of the Bible for a Christian, but that it is wrong and, hence, that the Christian God [ 2 ] does non be. More officially, the statement of this essay can be expressed in the undermentioned mode: 1. If the Christian God ( as defined in footer [ 2 ] ) exists, there is a being who is almighty, all-knowing, and absolutely good. We will write a custom essay sample on The Errancy Of Fundamentalism Disproves The God or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page [ propositonal map ] 2. If there is a being who is almighty, all-knowing, and absolutely good, his disclosure is error-free, unequivocally clear, and objectively verifiable as true. [ propositional map ] 3. The Bible is neither error-free, unequivocally clear, nor objectively verifiable. [ proposition based on observation ] C. The Christian God does non be. We shall get down by analyzing the nature of this God and what deductions it has for our analysis of the Bible. 2. The Logic of Fundamentalism Let us, for the interest of statement, proceed under the premiss that the Christian God does, so, exist ( although there are converting grounds, independent of the statements of this essay, to reject a belief in his being ; see, e.g. , Smith, 1979, and Martin, 1990, 1991 ) . The Christian position of God is that he is almighty [ 3 ] , omniscient, omnibenevolent, omnipresent and everlastingly bing. Furthermore, he is perfect in all of his being, every bit good as the uttermost cause and upholder of everything. [ 4 ] It is the belief of Christians that their God inspired some worlds to compose the 66 books of the Bible, a belief which is in line with the undermentioned statement of Paul sing the books of the Old Testament: # 8220 ; All Scripture is God-breathed # 8230 ; # 8221 ; ( 2 Tim. 3:16, NIV ) . Apparently, god wanted to do some information known to humanity, which is why he decided to do people convey it in written signifier. Let us now turn to an analysis of what the Bible w ould be like if it is the papers of the Christian God ; four theoretical statements spread outing on this will be presented. 2.1 The original text Since God is perfect in every manner and, moreover, almighty and omniscient, it is merely logical to keep that his merely written disclosure is inerrable in every regard. After all, a perfect God could non perchance want to bring forth an imperfect disclosure, and since he can make anything he wants, he could non perchance conveying about an imperfect disclosure. Therefore, Fundamentalism is the logical position of the Bible, given a belief in the Christian God. If the Bible turned out to be less than perfect, that forcefully and unequivocally implies that the Christian God can non perchance be. But, the more liberally inclined Christian may object, if we find one mistake in any other book, say a school book, we do non thereby throw out the entireness of what has been written in that book: while gaining the error, we do non automatically presume everything else to be wrong. So why do we non happen this attack appealing when covering with the Bible? There is a critical difference, and that is that the Bible is said to be the written disclosure of an Godhead and perfect God. Such a divinity can non, by definition, do a error. So if there is merely one error in the Bible, that mistake makes it clear to us that the Christian God can non be. 2.2 Translations First, the Fundamentalist is right in believing that a perfect, almighty God would bring forth nil but an inerrable disclosure. But allow us go on to utilize this logic to its full extent and inquire ourselves, Does this philosophy of inerrancy besides use to interlingual renditions and subsequently original-language manuscripts of the Bible? The above-named Jimmy Swaggart has the following to state on this affair: # 8220 ; So while the Bible # 8217 ; s original text is without mistake, errors may hold crept into the translated versions. # 8221 ; ( Swaggart, 1987, p. 8 ) Let us believe about this for a minute. The logic of the claim that the original text is inerrable is that an omnipotent and perfect God wanted to uncover some things to humanity, therefore his disclosure could non perchance incorporate any mistakes. Note that God used worlds to compose his disclosure. Now if god is interested in conveying his Godhead information to others than those who speak Hebrew and ancient Greek, he must see to it that his disclosure becomes available in other linguistic communications. Is at that place any ground for God to non utilize his omnipotence in bring forthing right interlingual renditions? Note that God could merely as easy usage worlds to interpret his word as he used worlds to compose it in the first topographic point # 8211 ; he is, after all, almighty. And since he is perfect, it is non in his involvement to supply an imperfect disclosure in any topographic point or at any clip. Therefore, as a affair of logical consistence, it must needfully keep that God has provided error-free interlingual renditions. If one claims that God wanted to bring forth a perfect disclosure but that the versions which we can understand today are imperfect, one must explicate why God did non desire or could see to it that the interlingual renditions are besides error-free. Clearly, any such effort to an account is doomed to neglect while retaining the Christian construct of God. Therefore, if it can be shown that any interlingual rendition of the Bible contains merely one mistake, the Christian God can non be. But does this mean that there is merely one right interlingual rendition in every linguistic communication? First, it is interesting to observe that the Bible has non been and still is non available in all linguistic communications in the universe. What this implies about a God who purportedly does non demo favoritism ( Acts 10:34 ) is left for the reader to chew over upon. In any instance, the logic of Fundamentalism does non needfully connote that there is merely one error-free Bible interlingual rendition in any linguistic communication ; but it does needfully connote that all Bible interlingual renditions are inerrable. Now Jimmy Swaggart and his fellow Fundamentalists must explicate why a perfect and almighty God was able to bring forth an error-free original manuscript of the Bible piece at the same clip non desiring to bring forth error-free interlingual renditions of this original manuscript. Does their Gods merely want those fluent in Hebrew and ancient Greek to acquire his perfect disclosure? After all, he could make anything, including provide error-free interlingual renditions. A related riddle for the Fundamentalist who claims that the original papers is inerrable but that subsequently manuscripts and interlingual renditions may incorporate mistakes is: How is it possible to cognize what the original papers said, precisely? After all, we are merely in ownership of perchance errant paperss today, and yet the Fundamentalist clings to these paperss as if they are inerrable # 8211 ; which, by his ain admittance, they are non. ( Of class, given the true logic of Fundamentalism, as explained above, subsequently manuscripts and interlingual renditions must besides be inerrable. ) 2.3 Clarity Let us go on our logical journey of Bible examination and inquire ourselves, Would it be in God # 8217 ; s involvement and capacity to supply an unambiguous disclosure? That is to state, presuming for the minute that the Bible is error-free, could it credibly be the disclosure of God if its message is in any manner ill-defined? We know that the Christian God is almighty and omniscient: the former characteristic indicates that he could really good hold produced a disclosure without any ambiguity, and the latter characteristic indicates that god knew before bring forthing his disclosure that a less-than-unambiguous rendition would take non merely to internal battles amongst his followings, but besides to strong onslaughts from anti-theists. Both of these phenomena must be considered unwanted from the point of position of God, and if any of them can be shown to hold existed or be on the footing of Bible ambiguities, so the Christian God is non existent. 2.4 Competing disclosures Let us inquire, Would god supply nonsubjective agencies to verify that his written disclosure is the lone Godhead disclosure there is? As he is almighty, he could make so if he wished. And since viing spiritual Bibles lure some people off from the truth of the Bible, it is doubtless in line with the Christian god # 8217 ; s involvement to wish merely that. This means that if there is no nonsubjective manner to make up ones mind upon the genuineness of the Bible, the Christian God can non perchance be. 2.5 Some possible expostulations Before inspecting the grounds refering the inerrancy and truth of the Bible and the Christian God, it is proper to analyze four possible expostulations to the theoretical exercising of logic presented above. First, if human existences have a free will, is it non logically impossible for the Christian God to utilize his omnipotence to bring on, or # 8220 ; force # 8221 ; , people to compose his disclosure without mistakes? That is, is Fundamentalism non unlogical at its nucleus? The reply is # 8220 ; No # 8221 ; , for the undermentioned three grounds. ( 1 ) The philosophy of the general being of a free will is at odds with the Bible # 8217 ; s instructions. Suffice it to advert that the Bible instructs us that no 1 can avoid sinning, i.e. , interrupt some moral regulation pronounced by the Christian God ( see, e.g. , Rom. 3:23, Rom. 5:12 and 1 John 1:8-10 ) . Hence, if any human being needfully commits wickedness, there is no general being of a free will. [ 5 ] ( 2 ) If a free wi ll by and large exists, there is nil that prevents a individual to desire to be an instrument of the Christian God and therefore volitionally submit to functioning him in composing down his disclosure absolutely. In fact, we would anticipate any Christian to be willing to lend to the proviso of a perfect Godhead disclosure. And since, with free will, it is absolutely legitimate for person to depute influence over one # 8217 ; s actions to person else, such as the Christian God, the statement above falls. ( 3 ) If, so, human existences have a free will ( which we argue is non the instance, if we adhere to the Bible # 8217 ; s learning ) , and if this precludes the authorship of an inerrable disclosure from the Christian God ( which we argue is non the instance, if Christians can be shown to desire to help in bring forthing a godly disclosure ) , so we must reason, on the footing of this God # 8217 ; s features, that he would hold used some other agencies of bring forthing this dis closure, so that it could be perfect ( e.g. , he could hold allow a absolutely written manuscript sail down from heaven on a cloud ) . This he did non make. Thus, the decision is that the philosophy of free will is wrong: it is at odds with scriptural instruction and, to the extent that it implies that the Christian God could non bring forth an inerrable written disclosure, it violates the logic of how an omnipotent, perfect God would move. If he could non bring forth a perfect disclosure by allowing work forces compose it, he would hold used another method. Second, a related point, which unlike the old one deals non with the issue of homo will, but with the character of human existences, provinces that since God worked by utilizing fallible and frail human existences, is it non to be expected that the authors of the Bible may hold made some errors? It needs first to be stressed that if one accepts the thought that the original manuscript of the Bible does non incorporate any mistakes, it is non logically possible to claim that interlingual renditions of the Bible may incorporate errors. But it is logically consistent to believe that both the original manuscript and subsequent interlingual renditions are inerrable or errant. However, this latter position of general errancy violates the nature of the Christian God. Remember: this God is perfect and almighty. Why would he convey forth a written disclosure with mistakes in it? The reply is: he would non make that. Even though the authors of the Bible were worlds, as was and is the instance with transcribers, God is able to steer them and forestall them from doing any errors. Remember: he is all-powerful and can make anything. Third, are non the demands that are put on God excessively heavy? Surely non, if we take Gods to be almighty, all-knowing, perfect, etc. These words are non merely empty footings but they entail a precise significance. For case, being almighty agencies being able to make anything which is logically possible, without any imaginable exclusion. Therefore, because of these infinite qualities of God, it is in no manner possible to set excessively heavy demands on him, in the sense that he is non in any manner limited ( except by logic ) . Fourth, are we non limited in our wisdom and capacity to grok Godhead affairs? Even if the logical thinking above appears right, we may non be able to swear it. This is a instead frequent statement from Christians when they encounter things which they are unable to understand ; these things are so termed # 8220 ; mysteries. # 8221 ; However, if we surrender our ability to ground and do things apprehensible, what can we perchance fall back to in its topographic point? Blind religion in # 8220 ; enigmas # 8221 ; unsolved? That barely seems a more dependable attack. Let us alternatively continue to do usage of logic and rational discourse to analyze the claims of mystics and others, and allow us go on to make it in a critical mode. In that spirit, we turn to some uncovering grounds. 3. The Evidence We have now arrived at a brief albeit lighting analysis of how the theoretical analysis above can be used to turn out that the Christian God can non perchance be. As the reader knows by now, the footing for this statement is that the qualities ascribed to the Christian God assist us in finding what sort of written disclosure he would convey approximately and compare it to the Bible. If it can be demonstrated that the Bible violates any of the basic demands on a godly disclosure, so the Christian God can non be. If we do non win in showing this, this still does non intend that the Christian God exists, but that other methods ( aside from the epistemic one of this essay ) shall hold to be used if we are to confute his being. [ 6 ] However, we boldly assert that the undermentioned presentation is so sufficient to turn out the Christian god # 8217 ; s non-existence. There will be one point matching to each statement above. Argument: The original papers of the Bible is inerrable. Counter-argument: There is a job with the confirmation of this claim, and that is that we are non in ownership of the original papers of the Bible. But allow us go on to look into the statement, utilizing available interlingual renditions ( e.g. , the KJV, the NIV, the NASB, the RSV, the Darby, and the YLT ) . In combination, they use the available paperss, including the Masoretic Hebrew text, the Septuagint, and the Dead-Sea Scrolls. Hence, our method brings us every bit near as we can perchance acquire to the original text. We will look at three Bible transitions: Acts 13:17-22, 1 Chron. 29:27-28 and 1 Kings 6:1. The first two in concurrence inform us that Solomon # 8217 ; s reign began at least 530 old ages after the Hebrews left Egypt. But 1 Kings 6:1 claims that Solomon # 8217 ; s reign began 476 old ages after the Hebrews left Egypt # 8211 ; a disagreement of at least 54 old ages. [ 7 ] Hence, the original manuscript o f the Bible contained at least one mistake ( no affair if the Septuagint is right with mention to 1 Kings 6:1 or if all the other interlingual renditions mentioned above are right ) , which means that the Christian God can non perchance be. Argument: Any Bible interlingual rendition is inerrable. Counter-argument: One illustration which disproves the just-made statement will be provided from the King James Version ( the same mistake is provided in the RSV, the Darby, and the YLT ) . 2 Chron. 9:25 says, # 8220 ; And Solomon had four 1000 stables for Equus caballuss and chariots, and twelve thousand equestrians # 8230 ; # 8221 ; while 1 Kings 4:26 says, # 8220 ; And Solomon had forty thousand stables of Equus caballuss for his chariots, and twelve thousand horsemen. # 8221 ; This contradiction is de facto in topographic point in the KJV, which renders that interlingual rendition progressive. Hence, the Christian god # 8211 ; omnipotent and perfect # 8211 ; can non perchance be. ( It is to be noted that the Masoretic Hebrew text contains this contradiction, but some Septuagint manuscripts do non. Therefore, it is possible that this contradiction is non in the original text, although we do non cognize that ; but it i s surely in most Bible interlingual renditions. ) Argument: The Bible is clear and unambiguous. Counter-argument: To claim this is rather blunt, because history Tells us that Christian integrity on doctrinal issues, even cardinal 1s, every bit good as converting anti-Christian challenges, have been copiously present. This is one of the issues debated between Michael Martin and John Frame ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.infidels.org/library/modern/ michael_martin/ ) , and Martin convincingly states, # 8220 ; Let us remember that there are differences among Christians over, among other things, the morality of the decease punishment, war, abortion, prenuptial sex, homosexualism, private belongings, societal imbibing, and chancing. Most of these differences are based on different readings of Christian disclosure. To say that there is a rational manner to accommodate these contentions by appealing to revelation stretches credibleness to the breakage point. # 8221 ; And the list of intra-Christian contentions could be made much lon ger: suffice it to advert the pontificate, the philosophy sing Mary, the three, baptism, speech production in linguas ( where, interestingly, Fundamentalist Baptists and Fundamentalist Pentecostals disagree ) , the issue of creationism, predestination, purgatory, consciousness after decease, and so on. Since the Christian God is perfect and almighty, could he hold produced the Bible, on which perfect understanding can non be reached by worlds? No. In add-on, these type of ill-defined affairs give anti-theists plentifulness of ammo, which god certainly would hold prevented, should he hold existed. In all, it is clear that he can non be. Argument: There is an nonsubjective manner of finding which papers is the written disclosure of God. Counter-argument: There is no such nonsubjective manner of finding whether the Bible, the Koran, the Bhagavadgita, the Book of Mormon, the Edda, or Homer are true godly disclosures. It is frequently possible to turn out that a certain papers is non a true disclosure of a certain God ( which is what this essay is making with mention to the Bible and the Christian God ) , but to turn out that a papers is genuinely godly in an nonsubjective mode, one would necessitate some type of extra disclosure from God, which in itself must be unambiguous. However, if this God can supply such an unambiguous disclosure, the inquiry is why he did non bring forth such absolute lucidity in the first topographic point. Without such self-contained grounds, one could neer be certain that a papers is genuinely godly. ( As an aside, necessary but surely non sufficient conditions for true Godhead inspiration a re complete logical consistence and inerrancy with respect to all facts external to the papers itself. ) And since such grounds is non in being, the Christian God can non perchance be. Any one of these points is, in itself, sufficient for us to understand that the Christian God can non be. Take together, they constitute overpowering grounds to this consequence. 4. Decision We began this essay by liberally allowing the Christian the premise that the Christian God does, so, exist. We so used logic to deduce what the feature of this God # 8217 ; s disclosure would be like, and found that ( I ) the original text must be inerrable ; ( two ) all ulterior manuscripts and interlingual renditions must be inerrable ; ( three ) this disclosure must be unequivocally clear in every regard ; and ( four ) there must be some nonsubjective manner for worlds to cognize that this papers is # 8220 ; the existent thing. # 8221 ; These four demands follow straight from the features of the Christian God, most notably those of flawlessness, omnipotence, and omniscience: this God non merely must desire his merely written disclosure to be inerrable in all dimensions, he is besides capable of seeing to its being produced in such a manner. We so proceeded by size uping how the Bible does on these four points. The consequence was overpoweringly clear: the Bible is non inerrable in its original text, to the best of human cognition ; it is non inerrable in all its later manuscripts and interlingual renditions ; it is non unequivocally clear ; and there is no manner to find objectively if it, instead than, state, the Koran, is godly. The lone possible decision from this is that the Christian god # 8211 ; i.e. , the God of the Bible # 8211 ; can non perchance be. If one assumes that he does, as we did, and looks at the deductions of this premise, one finds that the deductions are such as to go against what we detect in the existent universe. Now it does non take much cognition of psychological science to understand that the statement of this essay is really upseting to a Christian. He may flex over backways to seek to deliver his specific version of theism, but he must, if he is to retain rational credibleness, explicitly indicate out how a perfect and almighty God can supply a disclosure which violates his very nature. Or he may fall back to the classical manner out: misology, i.e. , to claim that his God is a enigma which can non be understood. One wonders why one should believe in something which can non be understood when it is possible to choose for the option: to believe merely in things which are apprehensible. So where does this go forth one? Clearly, with some utile cognition, viz. , that Christianity is false. It is so advisable for one to continue by analyzing the larger issue, if theism is true or false. Reading Smith ( 1979 ) is one manner of making this, and that leaves one an atheist # 8211 ; and a footing for covering with life as it is. Footnotes 1.For a similar statement, see Baptist curate Jerry Falwell ( 1987, p. 150 ) . 2.It should be noted at the beginning that # 8220 ; the Christian god # 8221 ; is tantamount to the divinity presented in the Bible ; and this is the lone God being discussed in this essay. This implies that it is non possible to state that the Christian God exists without any relationship to the Bible. This attack is shared by ( Fundamentalist ) Christians, who refer to the Bible to acquire information about what and who their God is. 3.The term # 8220 ; almighty # 8221 ; and the footings # 8220 ; almighty # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; almighty # 8221 ; are used interchangeably. It is, following standard Christian thought, defined as being able to make anything which is logically possible. There are definite jobs with # 8220 ; omnipotence # 8221 ; in its relationship to logic, as discussed by philosopher Michael Martin in a argument with theologian John Frame at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.infide ls.org/library/modern/michael_martin/ , but we disregard that expostulation for the interest of statement. 4.This description of the Christian God is in line with that of Robertson ( 1987, pp. 45-46 ) . 5.On the constructs of free will and original wickedness, see philosopher Ayn Rand ( 1961, p. 168 ff. ) . 6.That is, neglecting to turn out not-X does non needfully connote X. 7.It should be noted that one interlingual rendition, the Septuagint, puts the figure 440 alternatively of 480 in 1 Kings 6:1, but that need non concern us here, for the undermentioned ground. If all other interlingual renditions are right, so the disagreement of at least 54 old ages holds. If the Septuagint is right, so this disagreement does non disappear, but it is made greater ( in fact, at least 94 old ages ) . Literary Mentions 1.Falwell, J. ( 1987 ) . Strength for the Journey. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster. 2.Martin, M. ( 1990 ) . Atheism: A Philosophic Justification. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. 3.Martin, M. ( 1991 ) . The Case Against Christianity. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. 4.Rand, A. ( 1961 ) . For the New Intellectual. New York, NY: Random House. 5.Robertson, P. ( 1987 ) . Answers to 200 of Life # 8217 ; s Most Probing Questions. New York, NY: Bantam Books. 6.Smith, G. H. ( 1979 ) . Atheism: The Case Against God. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. 7.Swaggart, J. ( 1987 ) . Straight Answers to Tough Questions. Brentwood, TN: Wolgemuth A ; Hyatt.

Crossing The Mangrove free essay sample

During this week’s reading, Crossing the Mangrove by Maryse Conde I found it entertaining. Throughout this reading, we view the story from different people’s point of view. The different characters within the reading made it hard to keep them separate. As the reader once I am brought to understand that each chapter would help comprehend the previous chapter and know how each individual looked at Francis Sancher I could appreciate the book in more details. The main point to me in this story is how everyone judged Francis based on his looks. No one exact a few people had anything nice to say about or to him. The views of Francis impact the town as a whole because everyone assumes him to be upper class by his life style yet no one knows his story. The author believes that honesty is the main key in telling a story. In return people downgrade her novels because of the truth that was behind each story. We will write a custom essay sample on Crossing The Mangrove or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The story is portrayed around Francis Sancher wake in which many people attending never knew anything about him. In Crossing the Mangrove, everyone has their own story, opinion or emotion about Francis, in which some are positive and negative. Once Francis reaches the Caribbean he is automatically characterized as unworthy because no one knew anything about him. Moise (Mosquito) is believed to have relationship with Francis because the time that was spend together. Everyone judged the relationship without ever speaking to either character. Talking to either character they will realized it is an honest relationship in Mosie helping Francis. As the story begins to unfold everything that Francis has done unto the people surfaces after his death. Mira and Vilma both impregnated by Franics is the cause of his death. Artistid’s which is Mira brother cries that his sister was raped. â€Å"I want you to lock up the Cuban for rape†(52). In reality the truth being both woman voluntarily shared the same bed with Francis. Francis never went looking for the women they came as prostitutes looking for love the never received from their fathers. Vilma’s involvement with Francis is due to her the arranged marriages. Her father (Sylvester) had arranged a marriage. She refused to marry the man because she was not in love with him. In revenge she reached out to Francis and becomes impregnated so the marriage wouldn’t go forward. Mira’s story revolves around her mother dying. She felt lonely and never really connected with her father. â€Å"But from that moment on I didn’t want his love.†(33) She continues to blame him for her mother’s death. Hungry for love she is willing to do whatever to receive the affections of a man. Dinah stepmother (mid-wife) marries her father and after a few weeks the happiness was gone. She is lonely and desperate feeling unworthy because her husband is having sex with other women instead of her. The hurt of rejection is rooted so deeply she begins to have an affair on her husband with Francis. After, reading Crossing the Mangrove the stories of each individual character offers something new to the story. Expecting everyone to meet standards you have set is unfair. I believe each individual should be allowed a second opportunity. The town was quick to pass judgment based on Francis looks and his silence instead of embracing him. I believe all the males being jealous of his lifestyle passed judgment instead seeking wisdom. I truly believe that in order to get respect you first have to give it. They should love and Francis might have openly disclosed his background.