Counselling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Directing - Essay Example I was very restless on the grounds that I feared being scorned on the off chance that I didn't proceed just as I had hoped1. Then again, I was prepared to learn on the most proficient method to get ready and convey an introduction. Truly, I had my feelings of trepidation, however I likewise needed to substantiate myself amiss concerning coming up short. I needed to ensure that inability to convey my first introduction uncommonly was only a hindrance to future introductions, which I may very well wind up conveying easily. I felt that there was consistently an underlying time for everything, and this was my first an ideal opportunity to convey an introduction. I picked the subject of Domestic Violence by first pondering what sort of issue I needed to manage generally2. I had various contemplations, for example, the issue for me must be a difficult that happens in the public eye and most likely includes what I have by and by experienced or individuals I know have encountered. I needed to get a subject that I was keen on since I realized that the examination procedure would have been progressively significant in the event that I thought about the theme I picked. I additionally wanted to pick something, which I needed to become familiar with making it simpler to finish and increasingly significant to me3. I began my quest for points on social issues on the web and books. I had the fitness to create a posting of general social issues that exist today. Since I didn't need a theme that was excessively expansive, which could likewise benefit an excessive amount of data that would not be centered around, I backgrounded perusing on the social issues and limited the issues somewhere near having subtopics underneath the principle topics4. I additionally considered the subtopics on viciousness that had enough sources that I could depend on to assist me with making my introduction, along these lines, making it simple to assemble adequate data for my theme. I was pulled in to subjects that were connected to viciousness since I have consistently detested brutality. In any case, I didn't have a great deal of data on the point and this drove me to survey the

The Potential Effects of a Depleted Ozone Layer Essay Example For Students

The Potential Effects of a Depleted Ozone Layer Essay DetrykowskiThe Potential Effects of a Depleted Ozone Layer DetrykowskiAnd God stated, let there be light and there was light and afterward God saw thelight, that it was acceptable ( Genesis 1: 3-4 ). Without a doubt, light is acceptable. Without light man couldn't endure. Light is a definitive astronomical power in thisuniverse permitting man to advance and prosper. As warmth, light fromthe sun warms the Earth. Light, likewise, is the absolute most significant factorinfluencing the development and advancement of plants. Photosynthesis, a procedure bywhich plants consolidate light from the sun, permit plants to naturally growand endure. Certain types of light are unsafe and accordingly can be said are awful. We will compose a custom paper on The Potential Effects of a Depleted Ozone Layer explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now A characteristic umbrella called the ozone layer secures the Earth and its inhabitantsby screening out this hurtful light. For many years ozone has beenprotecting the earth by retaining bright or terrible radiation from the sun (Rowland, 1992, p.66 ). This regular umbrella securing humanity has recentlysuffered the impacts of industrialized society. This ozone shield isdissipating and the reason is laid basically to man made synthetic compounds (Bowermaster et al, 1990, p.27 ). On the off chance that enough of these man made synthetic substances arereleased, the ozone layer would be debilitated to such a degree, that it does notfilter out the suns undetectable and perilous bright beams ( Jones, 1992,p.36 ). Such a situation would radically modify society and the earth. Ozone consumption has been portrayed as likely calamity and a planetarytime bomb ( Way, 1988, p.9 ). The four principle regions influenced by a depletedozone layer and along these lines by the comparing increment in unsafe ultravioletradiation are farming, natural life, the earth, and human wellbeing. Adepleted ozone layer has a significantly negative and possibly devastatingeffect on humankind and its environmental factors. From a farming point of view, a lessened ozone layer presents greatrisks. Since keeps an eye on advancement from man the tracker and finder to man the foodproducer , humanity has become always subject to his environmental factors. In thecase of food creation man depends incredibly on these environmental factors. The land onwhich man endeavors to develop nourishment for himself, and absolutely for others as well,has did the trick for a large number of years. The harvests developed on his property have providedthousands with food to eat in the antiquated world, millions with food to eat inthe medieval world, and billions with food to eat in the current world. Unfortunately, there have consistently been seasons of yearning and deficiencies. Morefrighteningly, in the current world man is gone up against with a populace boomwhich is thriving close to the six billion imprint. It is currently increasingly significant thanever to ensure, keep up, and ideally increment the measure of food developed. Oneof the downsides of industrialization has been the noteworthy consumption of theozone layer. This exhaustion could have a unimaginably destroying sway on theworld and all the more explicitly horticulture. By and large, plants are quitesensitive and delicate when stood up to with bright increments ( Zimmer,1993, p.28 ). Words, for example, affectability and delicacy just add to the earnestness ofthe conceivable farming holocaust. One horticultural researcher commented, soybeans, tomatoes, tobacco, potatoes, corn, beans, and wheat are on the whole especiallysensitive to UV light ( Jones, 1992, p.39 ). Since the greater part of the referenced cropsar e considered money crops the monetary part of lower crop yields could alsospell fiasco. Food supplies are without a doubt in risk when taking in to accountthat multiple thirds of the plant species fundamentally crops tried fortheir response to bright light have been seen as harmed by it ( Leanet al, 1990, p.97 ). An expansion in bright light transmitting towards plantsaccelerates the pace at which man must choose how to manage the problem of abooming and all the more critically hungry populace. Conceedingly, plants, as anyelement of life, have been known to adjust to contemporary and risky changesin its environmental factors yet it can't be excused that UV radiation can alsomutate the qualities of plants which are the major structure squares of alllife ( Bowermaster et al, 1990, p.44 ). Impedance with the establishments oflife can likewise prompt cataclysm and all the more significantly a yet anticipated and unknowncalamity. In 1988, at that point U.S. Inside secretary Donald Hoedel

Did Temperament Shape Catharine Parr Traill and Susanna Moodie Attitude

Harking back to the 1830’s when it was unfathomable to travel for a considerable length of time to a remote nation so uncultivated; two naã ¯ve sisters did only that. The Backwoods of Canada is a clear, practical record went along of letters composed back home of Catharine Parr Traill’s first years in Canada. Improvising in the Bush is a clever, self-portraying story composed by her more youthful sister, Susanna Moodie. The two sisters came to Canada with the comparable desires to improve their chance in the social stepping stool in the public eye. My objective in this paper is to show how [t]heir demeanor to turning out to be pioneers was formed by their personalities. Catharine’s disposition is one calm acknowledgment and is reflected in her simple composition, though Susanna’s mentality initially seems to have an edgier, less idealistic point of view toward her new country, however she conceals it with a dry comical inclination in style and discourse w hile considering her Canadian experience. I will contrast the sisters foundation quickly with show their demeanor before coming to Canada. I will talk about how decisions made formed both the sisters beginning achievement and inability to Upper Canada. At long last, I will think about the distinctions in the sisters mentalities and how it is reflected in both their books. Upon assessment, we initially should take a gander at the sisters’ personality and disposition towards life. Their demeanor on life turns out in their composition and we can detect how they would see their new country, Canada in the 1832. Catharine, the senior by 23 months was viewed as the â€Å"sweet-tempered and serene, was her father’s most loved child,† and Susanna, the most youthful, â€Å"was the incautious and rebellious [one], with a fiendish feeling of humour† (Gray, 17, 18). Both sisters’ attributes are unmistakably uncovered in their methodology t... ...that was uncensored and practical of her encounters as a provincial pioneer with a ranch. Catharine unquestionably had the simpler time and it appears in her language with her self evident reality account that was composed to enable other ladies become fruitful pioneers (to reference). Subsequent to investigating these two sisters, I understand that the two of them had determination past what I would have the option to suffer in the event that I were in both of their shoes. Works Cited Parr Traill, Catharine. â€Å"The Backwoods of Canada.† An Anthology of Canadian Literature in English. third ed. Ed.Donna Bennett, and Russell Brown. Wear Mills, ON:Oxford, 2010, 102-108, Print. Moodie, Susanna. â€Å"Roughing It in the Bush.† An Anthology of Canadian Literature in English. third ed. Ed.Donna Bennett, and Russell Brown. Wear Mills, ON:Oxford, 2010, 102-108, Print. Dark, Charlotte. Sisters In The Wilderness. Toronto: Penguin, 1999. Print

A Personal Philosophy of Teaching: To Teach is to Learn

At the point when I think about the request, what is my regulation of learning I would state it was summarized in five words †To learn is to larn. Get bringing down from the purpose of the meaning of the action word to learn, as â€Å" to leave perception or achievements † ( Dictionary.com, 2010 ) and larning as â€Å" to get comprehension of or ability by review, heading or experience † ( Dictionary.com, 2010 ) I would reason that in spite of the fact that we may larn by a collection of offices, yet to have the option to learn we should all initially be researchers. In my hubris, I would hold preferred this to hold been an announcement of a totally unique idea, yet this is non the occasion! â€Å" Docendo Discimus † ( by learning we learn ) is attributed to Seneca the Younger ( in Stone, 2004 ) . I accept that going a decent teacher requires one first to be a decent researcher and this is a resonation of the expressions of Josef Joubert †to learn is to larn twice. ( Answers.com, 2010 ) I have shown up at this conviction, as a result of my own understanding. To go a decent teacher, I would theorize that one time we are prepared to learn, we have accomplished an evaluation of anxiety by larning, which empowers us to give this to another person. My experience has been that at whatever point I have shown another individual, I have ever been clear in my ain head that I should genuinely comprehend the theme that I am adapting in advance. This idea is borne out and shown in a portion of the cutting edge strategies for getting the hang of including clinical achievements, for example, that depicted by Lake and Hamdorf ( 2004 ) when they portray a viable strategy for learning clinical achievements incorporating perception, thought and criticism in add-on to stairss whereby cognizance or achievements held by the teacher are exhibited and ideally moved to an understudy. Nonetheless, this technique starts with a reason and fuses the idea that the educator has as of now took in a strategy or discernment and can demonstrate their misgiving to another †who can so keep on sustaining the perception to another researcher in the event that they are a capable sufficient teacher! For the enthusiasm of proclamation, we could see that it might be conceivable to arraign in the technique of learning without perception. While Ramsden ( 2003 ) might be capable propose controls in efficacious guidance, but in a University scene, witho ut thought of the stipulation of perception to a student, in design when learning for representation using a strategy, for example, the five-advance â€Å" microskills † hypothetical record depicted by Nehar et Al ( 1992:419-424 ) , this methodology despite everything requires the teacher to hold cognizance to learn general guidelines and perceive and right blunders. Expelling these aspects from the strategy however and we are left with a hypothetical record that has a few likenesses to strategies inside autonomous larning. This offers thought to the idea that procurement is improved by counsel by a knowing instructor.Personal Experience †Self Directed Autonomous LearningWhen I was a 13 twelvemonth old male kid, I halted go toing standard tutoring. This was an outcome of family unit situation, yet close to somewhat a result of my male parent ‘s places of guidance, which included musings about experiential and autonomous procurement, shying off from the instructive social hypothetical records of larning and his conviction I could larn in an alternate way. I was currently in a situation where educators were not, at this point present showing me, in spite of the fact that I recall a discussion with my male parent, when I communicated my anxiousnesss I would non have the option to larn, that he would â€Å" happen individual † who had adequate insight or experience to help me, for representation in dissecting Gallic rather shortsightedly, he would ask a companion who communicated in French to learn me in spite of the fact that with the alert I would learn them English! At the clasp this appeared to me to be out of line, yet now looking back whether he knew it or non, it would look my male parent credited to Social Development Theory as portrayed by Vygotsky ( 1978 ) , with the commitment of a â€Å" More Knowing Other † to direct me through my autonomous obtaining as required, with a standard of correspondence among educator and understudy. Thus, non just was this an alternate way of procurement, this turned into my first e xperience of guidance, where I as a fledgling was the more knowledgable, with respect to talk English than my large understudy! In any case, this only from time to time emerged and I was essentially in a spot to larn what and when I needed, holding obligation for my ain surveies, which could be portrayed as self image coordinated, which as depicted by Malcolm Knowles ( 1975: 18 ) is a strategy: ‘ †¦ in which people take the undertaking, with or without the guide of others ‘ †¦ ‘identifying human and material assets for larning ‘ .Reflection †Adult Learning PrinciplesThis experience featured for me that a separation between larning as a child or an adult is marginally self-assertive. I see now that at this clasp I was effective, non in light of the fact that I was savvy, astute or clever, but since to have the option to larn at this clasp I held some close to home properties which are every now and again depicted inside adult larning rules including a readiness to larn, intention to larn, expanding freedom and self-governance. How I came to hold these properties is poorly characterized to myself, however I believe it is doubtful to be the outcome of instructional guidance, yet bound to be a strategy occurring during developing and improvement with the securing of encounters. I would reason that the measure of my experiential procurement to this point added to these properties. In rule subsequently if these properties were evident or could be supported in a man, it could be contended that we could completely act naturally coordinated researchers, taking obligation for our ain securing and freely could attract a dot on to so give our perception or achievements to others for example Educate. I would reason that through the technique of larning we can go increasingly insightful of our ain capacity †as portrayed by Kolb ( 1984 ) , the mood of larning through understanding, incorporates thought and I would suggest that during this period of a man ‘s securing there is the conceivable to perceive their ain capabilities, including whether they could give their competency to another individual.Why is learning larning?To delineate the periods of learning with a man, I would express this incorporates estimating what they definitely know, hypothetical record by representation and show what they ought to cognize or have the option to make, explore what they h ave started to larn and started to request, usher to back up them geting more discernment or show trepidation of what they definitely know and contesting them to demonstrate that comprehension has non simply been adapted yet can be applied. Inside the strategy of realizing there is non only an opportunity to show competency in our cognizance and worry of a theme, however close to proceed to larn. The highlights of adult larning depicts techniques by which we may larn through understanding and consideration. Comparable to learning another individual, we get an opportunity to indict in a mood of larning through the involvement in the intensity for examination which empowers the teacher to go a researcher other than. To show dread and that securing has been accomplished, I accept the methodology of guidance can play an of import work in demonstrating a man ‘s competency. Coming back to the subject prior in the presentation sing the guidance of clinical achievements, there is a point of convergence inside these learning techniques that for the procurement of achievements, the capacity of the educator is to ease movement through stages or a cadence of larning from oblivious inadequacy to oblivious competency. ( Lake and Hamford 2004 ) . This obviously follows on from crafted by George Miller ( 1990 ) who proposed evaluation models for estimating competency inside a clinical scene. It ought to be noticed that inside some learning techniques there is the fuse of thought and input which empowers an opportunity for a duologue between the educator and the understudy and would compose the balance of a learning experience for the two gatherings. Input and examination are obviously recognizable ideas. I consider thought to be a method of inner duologue with oneself, which happens for everybody following any communication inside our condition. With Kolb ‘s hypothetical record of experiential securing, agonizing perception is a basic constituent, empowering preparing and coordinating of musings. Criticism is the gathering of cultural connection from another, which empowers us to quantify ourselves, in footings of our open introduction, capacities and effectivity and underpins and empowers inside thought. I think criticism has an of import work in loaning to us independently having the option to gauge our self-improvement and furnishes us with an indicant regarding our level of competency. The musings inside the hypothetical record of four periods of larning from inadequacy to ability show up mysteriously enmeshed with rules from adult procurement and experiential securing, including builds of mindfulness, thought process and that without consideration there can be no designed development through the stages. For a student, I feel that the technique inside input encourages people to go from a position of oblivious inadequacy to witting competency. At last, the capacity to deliberately focus on our ain example empowers us to larn and suit to new condition of affairss and difficulties inside our condition. At the point when this is extrapolated to the capacity of educator, to be in a spot to become familiar with another individual would hold started with a

Essay --

Exchanging training to angle for their lives/Choosing shores over schools Kumar*, 16 is among the numerous youngsters in Pamban town of Rameshwaram who forego instruction and adventure into the ocean to acquire a living for their families. While key choices about sharing of waters among Indian and Sri Lankan anglers are anticipated, the angling village of Anthoniar Nagar in Rameshwaram has youngsters as youthful as 11 years going with anglers in their nation pontoons. At four feet tall, Kumar* is little for his age. After his dad relinquished the family, he dropped out of school in class VIII and turned provider of his family. â€Å"Nobody constrained us to go fishing,† he said and presented his companion Joseph*, a calm thin kid of 11 who was very nearly a foot taller than him. Kumar* asserted that Joseph* eagerly went angling with his dad to accommodate his group of seven. â€Å"It’s been a long time since I went to school,† said Joseph*. He said that the Indian Navy got vessels with kids in them and that yet they went around 50-60 feet down. â€Å"I don’t go to class yet in any event I win for my fam...

Happy Holidays, and some advice

Happy Holidays, and some advice Hi, all you folks out there in Blog-Readership Land! Im at my moms house in Kentucky as I write this. Thanks to the people who wished me good luck on finals! The reason Im writing this entry is that by now, those of you who applied Early Action have received your decision, and those of you who applied Regular Action have begun your anxious waiting process. Ive made some effort to keep up with current events in Admissions Blog World despite how hosed Ive been, and Ive been watching how applicants have reacted to their decisions, and what theyve been saying in general. A lot of you talk about getting into MIT as though it is your goal in life. Once youve achieved this goal, you figure, everything will be wonderful. Life will be good. I mean, you got into MIT, right? Youve got it made, right? And its a perfectly understandable attitude. Many of you have been brought up to think that getting into a good school is one of the most important things in the world. Your parents friends have used the names of their kids schools as status symbols. Youve craved an environment full of other intelligent people. When the going gets rough in high school, you think I just need to get into [top college]. Once I get into [top college], itll all be great. I wont have to worry anymore. I know that you are thinking that last bit because I do the exact same thing with grad school. ;) But what you need to keep in mind, to keep it all in perspective, is that MIT is not an end but a beginning. Im aware that this sounds horribly cliche. Its truth, however, remains even through the cliche. Im sure there are some schools, and Im not going to speculate about which ones they are, which are merely stepping stones, holding pens for bright kids to go four years reveling in how bright they are until they get that piece of paper that will open the gate into the real world. MIT is not one of those schools. Its not a holding pen. You will learn and be challenged here, even if, to paraphrase a comment I saw in an old Underground Guide to Course 6, they have to draw out your understanding with a dull knife. Whats that you say? Learning and challenge are fun? Well, yes, they truly are, but not all the time. If someone ever tells you that their entire MIT careers worth of learning and challenge, every challenge they encountered here, was fun, all the time, theyre probably lying. Theres something very special about the students of MIT, and its not just that theyre smartIve been around smart people before. Its not even that theyre interesting, though they are certainly the most interesting group of people Ive ever encountered. No, its that the people here have a certain kind of steel to them. Theyve struggled here, and cried here, and tried here, and succeeded here, and failed here, and watched the sun set and then rise again from inside an Athena Cluster here, and fallen asleep next to a window in building 26 after coming down from their Jolt-and-chocolate-covered-espresso-beans-induced high here. Youve got to have that steel, that keeps you grounded when times are good and keeps you going when times are bad. That gets you out of bed each morning to face the world even though you know that its going to be difficult, and holds you up when you feel like caving in, so that you can see it through and rejoice when life is happy and inspiring and fun. Why do you think you have to write essays about times when you struggled or failed? Its not a trick question, its to show what youre made of when lifes not perfect, because lifes not going to be perfect. This is a hard place. Some people, its obvious what theyre made of. I have a friend who received her acceptance to MIT while she was living in someones basement, on the run from her abusive father. The fact that she has this steel is self-evident. But you dont have to have it illustrated in such dramatic form, so young, for it to exist. A lot of you have it. You might even already know its there. You just have to remember. Remember, as you wait for your decisions, that once youre here youre going to need it. Youre going to test it. Remember this, so that you dont get caught off guard with your natural feeling that MIT is an end goal, rather than the next step. Thats all for now. I hope everyone has a Merry Christmas/Chanukkah/Winter Solstice/Whatever You Do Or Dont Celebrate. :) And please dont think Im trying to preach at you, or scare you! I am simply inspired by the combination of having just finished finals two days ago (Note: IhatefinalsIhatefinalsIhatefinals), and having read your comments.

Deviant Behavior and Crime Essay - 825 Words

Deviant Behavior and Crime (Essay Sample) Content: Name of studentName of professorCourseDate of submissionDeviant Behavior and CrimeBecker Howard writes that deviance cannot be construed to mean the substantiality of the act committed by an individual, but rather the consequential imposition of sanctions and rules to an actual offender (9). This would cover conducts, behaviors and acts of individuals that go against the prevalent societal norms which are considered to be morally acceptable. Ordinarily, crime is defined as an act punishable by the laws of the land. Such a definition normally pre-supposes that crime is an isolated occurrence free from the society but interpreting it in a wider sense one finds that the cornerstone of crime is primarily the society in which it occurs and not the legislative spheres it tends to operate. Therefore, before legislations sanction a particular behavior there are a number of social forces that do affect how we perceive such behavior.From the above subtle overview of deviance an d crime it is quite evident that both factors cannot be explained without referring back to the society in which individuals originate. Scholars have been quick to point out that deviance and crime are materially not the usual occurrences and the way such kind of behaviors is viewed, mirrors how the fabric of the society is built rather than a pointer of any defects of those people classified as criminals. Becker, Sutherland and Hirschi have developed three different theories about how socialization contributes to such behavior they include the labeling theory, differential association theory and the control theory.Beckerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s labeling theory entails the societal responses to deviance behavior and crime; the theory postulates that social groups are capable of creating rules whose foundations are composed of deviance and imposing such rules to specific people by labeling them as outcast. This in turn would lead to an increase in crime rates (Becker 3). In reality the theory wo uld work like this; X a particular social group, discovers Y has pocketed a new mobile phone from the local retail store. X in anger, brandishes Y a thief and even goes to call the local police men to come and apprehend him. Applying Beckerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s labeling theory would mean that although X committed the minor act out of the desire to keep up with the latest technological trend and not for the purposes of conversion, labeling him a thief may drive him into criminal activities though in the first instance he had no such intentions whatsoever.Sutherlandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s differential association theory postulates that for one to understand criminal behavior, the elements of learning and the substance of the learning process is to be dissected holistically. According to him individuals acquire criminal behaviors from social groups by the conventional way of learning (Sutherland 9).These social groups may constitute family members, friends and individuals having criminal records; the lear nt criminal behavior may include technical mechanism and attitudes necessary to successfully commit a crime. Another important tenet of the theory is the shift from the notion that criminals are an isolated group from the mainstream society to the idea that the society is very different, sophisticated, possessing cultures, values and norms which are at variant thereby triggering differential association. In a common parlance, people obtain deviant and criminal behaviors out of their long interactions and associations with criminals than non-criminals.Hirschà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s social bond theory contradicts Sutherland and Beckerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s arguments both in theory and in practice. He contends that human beings are innately born with the vices of acting selfishly and egocentric, this eventually leads to the occurrence of delinquent behaviors (Hirsch 22). He is of the view that deviant behaviors are part and parcel of the human nature and that individuals have the ability to control or conta in such needs which are natural. Hirschi commences his theory by emphasizing the need to ask ourselves à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"why donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬t we do it?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ rather than why criminals à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"do ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬. He goes on to state that there are four societal bonds that keep individuals at bay from committing deviant behaviors they include attachment, commitment, involvement and belief.When it comes to attachment, Hirschi is of the view that social institutions like the family and educational centers by large extend control behaviors. For example teenagers have tight attachments to their families, in this respect; they would not wish to disappoint their loved ones by committing deviant acts (Hirschi 24). The other social control is commitment which has close resemblance to attachment, however , the p... Deviant Behavior and Crime Essay - 825 Words Deviant Behavior and Crime (Essay Sample) Content: Name of studentName of professorCourseDate of submissionDeviant Behavior and CrimeBecker Howard writes that deviance cannot be construed to mean the substantiality of the act committed by an individual, but rather the consequential imposition of sanctions and rules to an actual offender (9). This would cover conducts, behaviors and acts of individuals that go against the prevalent societal norms which are considered to be morally acceptable. Ordinarily, crime is defined as an act punishable by the laws of the land. Such a definition normally pre-supposes that crime is an isolated occurrence free from the society but interpreting it in a wider sense one finds that the cornerstone of crime is primarily the society in which it occurs and not the legislative spheres it tends to operate. Therefore, before legislations sanction a particular behavior there are a number of social forces that do affect how we perceive such behavior.From the above subtle overview of deviance an d crime it is quite evident that both factors cannot be explained without referring back to the society in which individuals originate. Scholars have been quick to point out that deviance and crime are materially not the usual occurrences and the way such kind of behaviors is viewed, mirrors how the fabric of the society is built rather than a pointer of any defects of those people classified as criminals. Becker, Sutherland and Hirschi have developed three different theories about how socialization contributes to such behavior they include the labeling theory, differential association theory and the control theory.Beckerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s labeling theory entails the societal responses to deviance behavior and crime; the theory postulates that social groups are capable of creating rules whose foundations are composed of deviance and imposing such rules to specific people by labeling them as outcast. This in turn would lead to an increase in crime rates (Becker 3). In reality the theory wo uld work like this; X a particular social group, discovers Y has pocketed a new mobile phone from the local retail store. X in anger, brandishes Y a thief and even goes to call the local police men to come and apprehend him. Applying Beckerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s labeling theory would mean that although X committed the minor act out of the desire to keep up with the latest technological trend and not for the purposes of conversion, labeling him a thief may drive him into criminal activities though in the first instance he had no such intentions whatsoever.Sutherlandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s differential association theory postulates that for one to understand criminal behavior, the elements of learning and the substance of the learning process is to be dissected holistically. According to him individuals acquire criminal behaviors from social groups by the conventional way of learning (Sutherland 9).These social groups may constitute family members, friends and individuals having criminal records; the lear nt criminal behavior may include technical mechanism and attitudes necessary to successfully commit a crime. Another important tenet of the theory is the shift from the notion that criminals are an isolated group from the mainstream society to the idea that the society is very different, sophisticated, possessing cultures, values and norms which are at variant thereby triggering differential association. In a common parlance, people obtain deviant and criminal behaviors out of their long interactions and associations with criminals than non-criminals.Hirschà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s social bond theory contradicts Sutherland and Beckerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s arguments both in theory and in practice. He contends that human beings are innately born with the vices of acting selfishly and egocentric, this eventually leads to the occurrence of delinquent behaviors (Hirsch 22). He is of the view that deviant behaviors are part and parcel of the human nature and that individuals have the ability to control or conta in such needs which are natural. Hirschi commences his theory by emphasizing the need to ask ourselves à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"why donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬t we do it?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ rather than why criminals à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"do ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬. He goes on to state that there are four societal bonds that keep individuals at bay from committing deviant behaviors they include attachment, commitment, involvement and belief.When it comes to attachment, Hirschi is of the view that social institutions like the family and educational centers by large extend control behaviors. For example teenagers have tight attachments to their families, in this respect; they would not wish to disappoint their loved ones by committing deviant acts (Hirschi 24). The other social control is commitment which has close resemblance to attachment, however , the p...

Behaviorism and Classical Conditioning Essay - 3350 Words

Abstract The year 1913 marks the birth of the most radical of all psychological concepts, that of Behaviorism (Moore, 1921). Since the original behavioral theories were studied by scientists such as Edward Thorndike and John B. Watson, there have been many variations of the behaviorist view that have surfaced over the years. In this paper I will attempt to give a detailed description of the history of behaviorism including information about some of the most influential men associated with this movement. I will also explain the methodologies associated with behaviorism such as classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and other controversial theories and views. Behaviorism The atmosphere surrounding the psychological†¦show more content†¦Watson then extinguished the fear by presenting the rat without the loud noise. Through the years since John Watson initially fathered the theories behind behaviorism, there have been many theorists who have questioned his radical practices and elaborated on his methodologies. Yet, through the many controversies and skepticism, the theories of our modern day humanistic and more eclectic behaviorism are still deeply rooted in the early works of Watson. Another of the key players in the development of the behaviorist theory and, like Watson, most known for his work in classical conditioning is Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936). In fact, Pavlov is famed for first introducing classical conditioning in 1903. Pavlovs most famous experiment where he demonstrated classical conditioning involved a dog, food, and a bell. Before conditioning, ringing the bell caused no response from the dog. Placing food in front of t he dog initiated salivation. During conditioning, the bell was rung a few seconds before the dog was presented with food. After conditioning, the ringing of the bell alone produced saliva (Dembo, 1994). During this experiment, Pavlov coined several terms to define the stimulus-response associations that he discovered. The initiation of salivation due to the presence of the food was an unconditioned association. The phrase unconditioned association refers to the fact that the dog didShow MoreRelatedBehaviorism: Classical Conditioning1197 Words   |  5 PagesThere are four primary conditioning theories of behaviorism. These four theories are Pavlov’s (1849-1936) classical conditioning, Thorndike’s (1874-1949) connectionism (also known as law of effect), Guthrie s (1886-1959) contiguous conditioning, and Skinner’s (1904-1990) operant conditioning. According to the text (Shunk 2012) Classical conditioning was discovered around the beginning of the 20th century by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov. 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Neoliberalism A New Concept Of Economics - 3118 Words

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The Correlation Between Two Rivals Traditions Of Economic...

Name: Professor: Course: Date: Midterm Exam Q1. The correlation between two rival traditions of economic thought by Hunt Lautzenheister and the great divide in social sciences Smith’s economic theory of economic welfare was, above all else, policy-oriented theory. His principal concern was to ascertain what social and economic forces were most conducive to increasing human welfare, and, by this, to recommend policies that would best promote human happiness. Smith’s definition of economic well-being was quite simple and straightforward. According to Smith, Economic welfare depends on the amount of the annual produce of labour and the number of consumers (Hunt 22). In every economy, welfare increases as the composition of productive output†¦show more content†¦The three social classes each received a distinct form of monetary return; rent, wages and profits. These forms of class income primarily correspond to the three parts of the production costs and determines the prices of commodities. However, Smith assumed that selfish and acquisitive motives characterized all economic behaviour despite his admission that in noneconomic behaviour , people had other motives, including those considered altruistic. The assumption that all economic behaviour depends on selfish, acquisitive motives was to become the foundation of neoclassical economics beginning in the late nineteenth century. Within the context of Smith’s theory of history, capitalism represented the highest stage of civilization, and capitalism would reach its greatest height when in had evolved to a state in which the government had adopted a laissez-faire policy. It allows the forces of competition and the free interplay of supply and demand to regulate the economy, which would be almost entirely unhindered by government interventions. According to Smith, the level of production in any society depends on the number of production labourers and the level of their productivity. Productivity, in turn, depends on specialization. According to the same scholar, specialization is the greatest improvement in the productive power of labour, and the greatest part of the skill. In most instances, there exist two principles that govern the extent of

The Family And Medical Leave Act - 943 Words

The Family and Medical Leave Act was introduced by President Bill Clinton in January of 1993. This policy was implemented for Americans to be awarded the opportunity to take time off and care for their new child or sick relative. In order to qualify for this unpaid maternity leave however, an employee must have worked for a business for at least twelve consecutive months, accumulating at least 1,250 hours of work, and be employed by a business who has a minimum staff of fifty employees. Although this policy offered many newfound benefits for mothers to be, it however did not address the potential health or economical impacts endured by new parents. As a society, we value the health and well being of each citizen; however, in the case of new mothers and their infants these values tend to be less distinct. The case about paid maternity leave is a clear example which demonstrates how these values go unfulfilled, resulting in women having to face a moral dilemma of choosing between what they want to do versus what they must do. Women, are faced with the dilemma to choose to either to spend time at home caring for their new child, which is detrimental for a child’s emotional and cognitive development, or go back to work in order to have a sufficient income to provide for her family. In the case study, it demonstrates how the United States is the only industrialized country without a law assuring paid maternity leave to new mothers, in comparison to other countries such asShow MoreRelatedThe Family Medical Leave Act ( Fmla )1620 Words   |  7 PagesThe Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA) was passed with the idea of creating job protected leave when necessary, while also providing employees with the opportunity to balance work, health, and family responsibilities. 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International Business Chapter Nine Free Essays

1) I think Arcelik’s prospects to be better in emerging markets developing economies than in advanced economies. Emerging markets developing economies are attractive to Arcelik because they represent promising export markets for products and services. They are ideal bases for locating manufacturing activities because of low labor costs. We will write a custom essay sample on International Business Chapter Nine or any similar topic only for you Order Now Emerging markets are popular destinations for global sourcing-procurement of products and services from foreign locations. The growing middle class in these countries implies substantial demand for a variety of consumer products. Arcelik should adapt the strategies and tactics to suit unique conditions. Firm can reap benefits from such markets by partnering with family conglomerates 2) Types of risks challenges Arcelik is likely to face in doing business in emerging markets: Political Instability: The absence of reliable or consistent governance from recognized government authorities adds to business costs, increases risks, and reduces manager’s ability to forecast business conditions. Weak Intellectual Property Protection: In many Emerging markets, laws that safeguard intellectual property rights may not been forced, or the judicial process may be painfully slow. Partner availability and Qualifications: Arcelik needs to seek alliances with local companies in countries characterized by inadequate legal and political frameworks. Through local partners, foreign firms can access local market knowledge, establish supplier and distributor networks and develop key government contacts. Special considerations must be taken into account to estimate the true demand in emerging markets. Managers can follow one of three approaches to more realistically assess emerging market potential. They can rely upon per-capita income, considered the size and growth rate of the middle class, and build a more comprehensive set of indicators such as the emerging market potential index. 3) Arcelik can display good corporate social responsibility by engaging in activities that facilitate economic development in emerging market and developing economies. It can serve low income countries with inexpensive, specifically- designed products. To lead in global household appliances, management needs to improve operational efficiency to levels that match or exceed major competitors and increase investment in high growth markets How to cite International Business Chapter Nine, Papers

The Errancy Of Fundamentalism Disproves The God free essay sample

Of The Bible Essay, Research Paper The Errancy of Fundamentalism Disproves the God of the Bible 1. Introduction This essay will look into the often-made claim from Christians, that the Bible is the divine word of God, a corollary of which is that it is absolutely without mistake. This position is exemplified by the undermentioned statement of Jimmy Swaggart, a Pentecostal curate: # 8220 ; One of the most basic renters of the Christian religion is that the Bibles are inerrable. Because the Bible is God # 8217 ; s Word, it is wholly error-free. # 8221 ; ( Swaggart, 1987, p. 8 ) [ 1 ] It will be argued that this position # 8211 ; which will be referred to as Fundamentalism # 8211 ; is the lone possible logical position of the Bible for a Christian, but that it is wrong and, hence, that the Christian God [ 2 ] does non be. More officially, the statement of this essay can be expressed in the undermentioned mode: 1. If the Christian God ( as defined in footer [ 2 ] ) exists, there is a being who is almighty, all-knowing, and absolutely good. We will write a custom essay sample on The Errancy Of Fundamentalism Disproves The God or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page [ propositonal map ] 2. If there is a being who is almighty, all-knowing, and absolutely good, his disclosure is error-free, unequivocally clear, and objectively verifiable as true. [ propositional map ] 3. The Bible is neither error-free, unequivocally clear, nor objectively verifiable. [ proposition based on observation ] C. The Christian God does non be. We shall get down by analyzing the nature of this God and what deductions it has for our analysis of the Bible. 2. The Logic of Fundamentalism Let us, for the interest of statement, proceed under the premiss that the Christian God does, so, exist ( although there are converting grounds, independent of the statements of this essay, to reject a belief in his being ; see, e.g. , Smith, 1979, and Martin, 1990, 1991 ) . The Christian position of God is that he is almighty [ 3 ] , omniscient, omnibenevolent, omnipresent and everlastingly bing. Furthermore, he is perfect in all of his being, every bit good as the uttermost cause and upholder of everything. [ 4 ] It is the belief of Christians that their God inspired some worlds to compose the 66 books of the Bible, a belief which is in line with the undermentioned statement of Paul sing the books of the Old Testament: # 8220 ; All Scripture is God-breathed # 8230 ; # 8221 ; ( 2 Tim. 3:16, NIV ) . Apparently, god wanted to do some information known to humanity, which is why he decided to do people convey it in written signifier. Let us now turn to an analysis of what the Bible w ould be like if it is the papers of the Christian God ; four theoretical statements spread outing on this will be presented. 2.1 The original text Since God is perfect in every manner and, moreover, almighty and omniscient, it is merely logical to keep that his merely written disclosure is inerrable in every regard. After all, a perfect God could non perchance want to bring forth an imperfect disclosure, and since he can make anything he wants, he could non perchance conveying about an imperfect disclosure. Therefore, Fundamentalism is the logical position of the Bible, given a belief in the Christian God. If the Bible turned out to be less than perfect, that forcefully and unequivocally implies that the Christian God can non perchance be. But, the more liberally inclined Christian may object, if we find one mistake in any other book, say a school book, we do non thereby throw out the entireness of what has been written in that book: while gaining the error, we do non automatically presume everything else to be wrong. So why do we non happen this attack appealing when covering with the Bible? There is a critical difference, and that is that the Bible is said to be the written disclosure of an Godhead and perfect God. Such a divinity can non, by definition, do a error. So if there is merely one error in the Bible, that mistake makes it clear to us that the Christian God can non be. 2.2 Translations First, the Fundamentalist is right in believing that a perfect, almighty God would bring forth nil but an inerrable disclosure. But allow us go on to utilize this logic to its full extent and inquire ourselves, Does this philosophy of inerrancy besides use to interlingual renditions and subsequently original-language manuscripts of the Bible? The above-named Jimmy Swaggart has the following to state on this affair: # 8220 ; So while the Bible # 8217 ; s original text is without mistake, errors may hold crept into the translated versions. # 8221 ; ( Swaggart, 1987, p. 8 ) Let us believe about this for a minute. The logic of the claim that the original text is inerrable is that an omnipotent and perfect God wanted to uncover some things to humanity, therefore his disclosure could non perchance incorporate any mistakes. Note that God used worlds to compose his disclosure. Now if god is interested in conveying his Godhead information to others than those who speak Hebrew and ancient Greek, he must see to it that his disclosure becomes available in other linguistic communications. Is at that place any ground for God to non utilize his omnipotence in bring forthing right interlingual renditions? Note that God could merely as easy usage worlds to interpret his word as he used worlds to compose it in the first topographic point # 8211 ; he is, after all, almighty. And since he is perfect, it is non in his involvement to supply an imperfect disclosure in any topographic point or at any clip. Therefore, as a affair of logical consistence, it must needfully keep that God has provided error-free interlingual renditions. If one claims that God wanted to bring forth a perfect disclosure but that the versions which we can understand today are imperfect, one must explicate why God did non desire or could see to it that the interlingual renditions are besides error-free. Clearly, any such effort to an account is doomed to neglect while retaining the Christian construct of God. Therefore, if it can be shown that any interlingual rendition of the Bible contains merely one mistake, the Christian God can non be. But does this mean that there is merely one right interlingual rendition in every linguistic communication? First, it is interesting to observe that the Bible has non been and still is non available in all linguistic communications in the universe. What this implies about a God who purportedly does non demo favoritism ( Acts 10:34 ) is left for the reader to chew over upon. In any instance, the logic of Fundamentalism does non needfully connote that there is merely one error-free Bible interlingual rendition in any linguistic communication ; but it does needfully connote that all Bible interlingual renditions are inerrable. Now Jimmy Swaggart and his fellow Fundamentalists must explicate why a perfect and almighty God was able to bring forth an error-free original manuscript of the Bible piece at the same clip non desiring to bring forth error-free interlingual renditions of this original manuscript. Does their Gods merely want those fluent in Hebrew and ancient Greek to acquire his perfect disclosure? After all, he could make anything, including provide error-free interlingual renditions. A related riddle for the Fundamentalist who claims that the original papers is inerrable but that subsequently manuscripts and interlingual renditions may incorporate mistakes is: How is it possible to cognize what the original papers said, precisely? After all, we are merely in ownership of perchance errant paperss today, and yet the Fundamentalist clings to these paperss as if they are inerrable # 8211 ; which, by his ain admittance, they are non. ( Of class, given the true logic of Fundamentalism, as explained above, subsequently manuscripts and interlingual renditions must besides be inerrable. ) 2.3 Clarity Let us go on our logical journey of Bible examination and inquire ourselves, Would it be in God # 8217 ; s involvement and capacity to supply an unambiguous disclosure? That is to state, presuming for the minute that the Bible is error-free, could it credibly be the disclosure of God if its message is in any manner ill-defined? We know that the Christian God is almighty and omniscient: the former characteristic indicates that he could really good hold produced a disclosure without any ambiguity, and the latter characteristic indicates that god knew before bring forthing his disclosure that a less-than-unambiguous rendition would take non merely to internal battles amongst his followings, but besides to strong onslaughts from anti-theists. Both of these phenomena must be considered unwanted from the point of position of God, and if any of them can be shown to hold existed or be on the footing of Bible ambiguities, so the Christian God is non existent. 2.4 Competing disclosures Let us inquire, Would god supply nonsubjective agencies to verify that his written disclosure is the lone Godhead disclosure there is? As he is almighty, he could make so if he wished. And since viing spiritual Bibles lure some people off from the truth of the Bible, it is doubtless in line with the Christian god # 8217 ; s involvement to wish merely that. This means that if there is no nonsubjective manner to make up ones mind upon the genuineness of the Bible, the Christian God can non perchance be. 2.5 Some possible expostulations Before inspecting the grounds refering the inerrancy and truth of the Bible and the Christian God, it is proper to analyze four possible expostulations to the theoretical exercising of logic presented above. First, if human existences have a free will, is it non logically impossible for the Christian God to utilize his omnipotence to bring on, or # 8220 ; force # 8221 ; , people to compose his disclosure without mistakes? That is, is Fundamentalism non unlogical at its nucleus? The reply is # 8220 ; No # 8221 ; , for the undermentioned three grounds. ( 1 ) The philosophy of the general being of a free will is at odds with the Bible # 8217 ; s instructions. Suffice it to advert that the Bible instructs us that no 1 can avoid sinning, i.e. , interrupt some moral regulation pronounced by the Christian God ( see, e.g. , Rom. 3:23, Rom. 5:12 and 1 John 1:8-10 ) . Hence, if any human being needfully commits wickedness, there is no general being of a free will. [ 5 ] ( 2 ) If a free wi ll by and large exists, there is nil that prevents a individual to desire to be an instrument of the Christian God and therefore volitionally submit to functioning him in composing down his disclosure absolutely. In fact, we would anticipate any Christian to be willing to lend to the proviso of a perfect Godhead disclosure. And since, with free will, it is absolutely legitimate for person to depute influence over one # 8217 ; s actions to person else, such as the Christian God, the statement above falls. ( 3 ) If, so, human existences have a free will ( which we argue is non the instance, if we adhere to the Bible # 8217 ; s learning ) , and if this precludes the authorship of an inerrable disclosure from the Christian God ( which we argue is non the instance, if Christians can be shown to desire to help in bring forthing a godly disclosure ) , so we must reason, on the footing of this God # 8217 ; s features, that he would hold used some other agencies of bring forthing this dis closure, so that it could be perfect ( e.g. , he could hold allow a absolutely written manuscript sail down from heaven on a cloud ) . This he did non make. Thus, the decision is that the philosophy of free will is wrong: it is at odds with scriptural instruction and, to the extent that it implies that the Christian God could non bring forth an inerrable written disclosure, it violates the logic of how an omnipotent, perfect God would move. If he could non bring forth a perfect disclosure by allowing work forces compose it, he would hold used another method. Second, a related point, which unlike the old one deals non with the issue of homo will, but with the character of human existences, provinces that since God worked by utilizing fallible and frail human existences, is it non to be expected that the authors of the Bible may hold made some errors? It needs first to be stressed that if one accepts the thought that the original manuscript of the Bible does non incorporate any mistakes, it is non logically possible to claim that interlingual renditions of the Bible may incorporate errors. But it is logically consistent to believe that both the original manuscript and subsequent interlingual renditions are inerrable or errant. However, this latter position of general errancy violates the nature of the Christian God. Remember: this God is perfect and almighty. Why would he convey forth a written disclosure with mistakes in it? The reply is: he would non make that. Even though the authors of the Bible were worlds, as was and is the instance with transcribers, God is able to steer them and forestall them from doing any errors. Remember: he is all-powerful and can make anything. Third, are non the demands that are put on God excessively heavy? Surely non, if we take Gods to be almighty, all-knowing, perfect, etc. These words are non merely empty footings but they entail a precise significance. For case, being almighty agencies being able to make anything which is logically possible, without any imaginable exclusion. Therefore, because of these infinite qualities of God, it is in no manner possible to set excessively heavy demands on him, in the sense that he is non in any manner limited ( except by logic ) . Fourth, are we non limited in our wisdom and capacity to grok Godhead affairs? Even if the logical thinking above appears right, we may non be able to swear it. This is a instead frequent statement from Christians when they encounter things which they are unable to understand ; these things are so termed # 8220 ; mysteries. # 8221 ; However, if we surrender our ability to ground and do things apprehensible, what can we perchance fall back to in its topographic point? Blind religion in # 8220 ; enigmas # 8221 ; unsolved? That barely seems a more dependable attack. Let us alternatively continue to do usage of logic and rational discourse to analyze the claims of mystics and others, and allow us go on to make it in a critical mode. In that spirit, we turn to some uncovering grounds. 3. The Evidence We have now arrived at a brief albeit lighting analysis of how the theoretical analysis above can be used to turn out that the Christian God can non perchance be. As the reader knows by now, the footing for this statement is that the qualities ascribed to the Christian God assist us in finding what sort of written disclosure he would convey approximately and compare it to the Bible. If it can be demonstrated that the Bible violates any of the basic demands on a godly disclosure, so the Christian God can non be. If we do non win in showing this, this still does non intend that the Christian God exists, but that other methods ( aside from the epistemic one of this essay ) shall hold to be used if we are to confute his being. [ 6 ] However, we boldly assert that the undermentioned presentation is so sufficient to turn out the Christian god # 8217 ; s non-existence. There will be one point matching to each statement above. Argument: The original papers of the Bible is inerrable. Counter-argument: There is a job with the confirmation of this claim, and that is that we are non in ownership of the original papers of the Bible. But allow us go on to look into the statement, utilizing available interlingual renditions ( e.g. , the KJV, the NIV, the NASB, the RSV, the Darby, and the YLT ) . In combination, they use the available paperss, including the Masoretic Hebrew text, the Septuagint, and the Dead-Sea Scrolls. Hence, our method brings us every bit near as we can perchance acquire to the original text. We will look at three Bible transitions: Acts 13:17-22, 1 Chron. 29:27-28 and 1 Kings 6:1. The first two in concurrence inform us that Solomon # 8217 ; s reign began at least 530 old ages after the Hebrews left Egypt. But 1 Kings 6:1 claims that Solomon # 8217 ; s reign began 476 old ages after the Hebrews left Egypt # 8211 ; a disagreement of at least 54 old ages. [ 7 ] Hence, the original manuscript o f the Bible contained at least one mistake ( no affair if the Septuagint is right with mention to 1 Kings 6:1 or if all the other interlingual renditions mentioned above are right ) , which means that the Christian God can non perchance be. Argument: Any Bible interlingual rendition is inerrable. Counter-argument: One illustration which disproves the just-made statement will be provided from the King James Version ( the same mistake is provided in the RSV, the Darby, and the YLT ) . 2 Chron. 9:25 says, # 8220 ; And Solomon had four 1000 stables for Equus caballuss and chariots, and twelve thousand equestrians # 8230 ; # 8221 ; while 1 Kings 4:26 says, # 8220 ; And Solomon had forty thousand stables of Equus caballuss for his chariots, and twelve thousand horsemen. # 8221 ; This contradiction is de facto in topographic point in the KJV, which renders that interlingual rendition progressive. Hence, the Christian god # 8211 ; omnipotent and perfect # 8211 ; can non perchance be. ( It is to be noted that the Masoretic Hebrew text contains this contradiction, but some Septuagint manuscripts do non. Therefore, it is possible that this contradiction is non in the original text, although we do non cognize that ; but it i s surely in most Bible interlingual renditions. ) Argument: The Bible is clear and unambiguous. Counter-argument: To claim this is rather blunt, because history Tells us that Christian integrity on doctrinal issues, even cardinal 1s, every bit good as converting anti-Christian challenges, have been copiously present. This is one of the issues debated between Michael Martin and John Frame ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.infidels.org/library/modern/ michael_martin/ ) , and Martin convincingly states, # 8220 ; Let us remember that there are differences among Christians over, among other things, the morality of the decease punishment, war, abortion, prenuptial sex, homosexualism, private belongings, societal imbibing, and chancing. Most of these differences are based on different readings of Christian disclosure. To say that there is a rational manner to accommodate these contentions by appealing to revelation stretches credibleness to the breakage point. # 8221 ; And the list of intra-Christian contentions could be made much lon ger: suffice it to advert the pontificate, the philosophy sing Mary, the three, baptism, speech production in linguas ( where, interestingly, Fundamentalist Baptists and Fundamentalist Pentecostals disagree ) , the issue of creationism, predestination, purgatory, consciousness after decease, and so on. Since the Christian God is perfect and almighty, could he hold produced the Bible, on which perfect understanding can non be reached by worlds? No. In add-on, these type of ill-defined affairs give anti-theists plentifulness of ammo, which god certainly would hold prevented, should he hold existed. In all, it is clear that he can non be. Argument: There is an nonsubjective manner of finding which papers is the written disclosure of God. Counter-argument: There is no such nonsubjective manner of finding whether the Bible, the Koran, the Bhagavadgita, the Book of Mormon, the Edda, or Homer are true godly disclosures. It is frequently possible to turn out that a certain papers is non a true disclosure of a certain God ( which is what this essay is making with mention to the Bible and the Christian God ) , but to turn out that a papers is genuinely godly in an nonsubjective mode, one would necessitate some type of extra disclosure from God, which in itself must be unambiguous. However, if this God can supply such an unambiguous disclosure, the inquiry is why he did non bring forth such absolute lucidity in the first topographic point. Without such self-contained grounds, one could neer be certain that a papers is genuinely godly. ( As an aside, necessary but surely non sufficient conditions for true Godhead inspiration a re complete logical consistence and inerrancy with respect to all facts external to the papers itself. ) And since such grounds is non in being, the Christian God can non perchance be. Any one of these points is, in itself, sufficient for us to understand that the Christian God can non be. Take together, they constitute overpowering grounds to this consequence. 4. Decision We began this essay by liberally allowing the Christian the premise that the Christian God does, so, exist. We so used logic to deduce what the feature of this God # 8217 ; s disclosure would be like, and found that ( I ) the original text must be inerrable ; ( two ) all ulterior manuscripts and interlingual renditions must be inerrable ; ( three ) this disclosure must be unequivocally clear in every regard ; and ( four ) there must be some nonsubjective manner for worlds to cognize that this papers is # 8220 ; the existent thing. # 8221 ; These four demands follow straight from the features of the Christian God, most notably those of flawlessness, omnipotence, and omniscience: this God non merely must desire his merely written disclosure to be inerrable in all dimensions, he is besides capable of seeing to its being produced in such a manner. We so proceeded by size uping how the Bible does on these four points. The consequence was overpoweringly clear: the Bible is non inerrable in its original text, to the best of human cognition ; it is non inerrable in all its later manuscripts and interlingual renditions ; it is non unequivocally clear ; and there is no manner to find objectively if it, instead than, state, the Koran, is godly. The lone possible decision from this is that the Christian god # 8211 ; i.e. , the God of the Bible # 8211 ; can non perchance be. If one assumes that he does, as we did, and looks at the deductions of this premise, one finds that the deductions are such as to go against what we detect in the existent universe. Now it does non take much cognition of psychological science to understand that the statement of this essay is really upseting to a Christian. He may flex over backways to seek to deliver his specific version of theism, but he must, if he is to retain rational credibleness, explicitly indicate out how a perfect and almighty God can supply a disclosure which violates his very nature. Or he may fall back to the classical manner out: misology, i.e. , to claim that his God is a enigma which can non be understood. One wonders why one should believe in something which can non be understood when it is possible to choose for the option: to believe merely in things which are apprehensible. So where does this go forth one? Clearly, with some utile cognition, viz. , that Christianity is false. It is so advisable for one to continue by analyzing the larger issue, if theism is true or false. Reading Smith ( 1979 ) is one manner of making this, and that leaves one an atheist # 8211 ; and a footing for covering with life as it is. Footnotes 1.For a similar statement, see Baptist curate Jerry Falwell ( 1987, p. 150 ) . 2.It should be noted at the beginning that # 8220 ; the Christian god # 8221 ; is tantamount to the divinity presented in the Bible ; and this is the lone God being discussed in this essay. This implies that it is non possible to state that the Christian God exists without any relationship to the Bible. This attack is shared by ( Fundamentalist ) Christians, who refer to the Bible to acquire information about what and who their God is. 3.The term # 8220 ; almighty # 8221 ; and the footings # 8220 ; almighty # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; almighty # 8221 ; are used interchangeably. It is, following standard Christian thought, defined as being able to make anything which is logically possible. There are definite jobs with # 8220 ; omnipotence # 8221 ; in its relationship to logic, as discussed by philosopher Michael Martin in a argument with theologian John Frame at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.infide ls.org/library/modern/michael_martin/ , but we disregard that expostulation for the interest of statement. 4.This description of the Christian God is in line with that of Robertson ( 1987, pp. 45-46 ) . 5.On the constructs of free will and original wickedness, see philosopher Ayn Rand ( 1961, p. 168 ff. ) . 6.That is, neglecting to turn out not-X does non needfully connote X. 7.It should be noted that one interlingual rendition, the Septuagint, puts the figure 440 alternatively of 480 in 1 Kings 6:1, but that need non concern us here, for the undermentioned ground. If all other interlingual renditions are right, so the disagreement of at least 54 old ages holds. If the Septuagint is right, so this disagreement does non disappear, but it is made greater ( in fact, at least 94 old ages ) . Literary Mentions 1.Falwell, J. ( 1987 ) . Strength for the Journey. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster. 2.Martin, M. ( 1990 ) . Atheism: A Philosophic Justification. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. 3.Martin, M. ( 1991 ) . The Case Against Christianity. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. 4.Rand, A. ( 1961 ) . For the New Intellectual. New York, NY: Random House. 5.Robertson, P. ( 1987 ) . Answers to 200 of Life # 8217 ; s Most Probing Questions. New York, NY: Bantam Books. 6.Smith, G. H. ( 1979 ) . Atheism: The Case Against God. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. 7.Swaggart, J. ( 1987 ) . Straight Answers to Tough Questions. Brentwood, TN: Wolgemuth A ; Hyatt.

Crossing The Mangrove free essay sample

During this week’s reading, Crossing the Mangrove by Maryse Conde I found it entertaining. Throughout this reading, we view the story from different people’s point of view. The different characters within the reading made it hard to keep them separate. As the reader once I am brought to understand that each chapter would help comprehend the previous chapter and know how each individual looked at Francis Sancher I could appreciate the book in more details. The main point to me in this story is how everyone judged Francis based on his looks. No one exact a few people had anything nice to say about or to him. The views of Francis impact the town as a whole because everyone assumes him to be upper class by his life style yet no one knows his story. The author believes that honesty is the main key in telling a story. In return people downgrade her novels because of the truth that was behind each story. We will write a custom essay sample on Crossing The Mangrove or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The story is portrayed around Francis Sancher wake in which many people attending never knew anything about him. In Crossing the Mangrove, everyone has their own story, opinion or emotion about Francis, in which some are positive and negative. Once Francis reaches the Caribbean he is automatically characterized as unworthy because no one knew anything about him. Moise (Mosquito) is believed to have relationship with Francis because the time that was spend together. Everyone judged the relationship without ever speaking to either character. Talking to either character they will realized it is an honest relationship in Mosie helping Francis. As the story begins to unfold everything that Francis has done unto the people surfaces after his death. Mira and Vilma both impregnated by Franics is the cause of his death. Artistid’s which is Mira brother cries that his sister was raped. â€Å"I want you to lock up the Cuban for rape†(52). In reality the truth being both woman voluntarily shared the same bed with Francis. Francis never went looking for the women they came as prostitutes looking for love the never received from their fathers. Vilma’s involvement with Francis is due to her the arranged marriages. Her father (Sylvester) had arranged a marriage. She refused to marry the man because she was not in love with him. In revenge she reached out to Francis and becomes impregnated so the marriage wouldn’t go forward. Mira’s story revolves around her mother dying. She felt lonely and never really connected with her father. â€Å"But from that moment on I didn’t want his love.†(33) She continues to blame him for her mother’s death. Hungry for love she is willing to do whatever to receive the affections of a man. Dinah stepmother (mid-wife) marries her father and after a few weeks the happiness was gone. She is lonely and desperate feeling unworthy because her husband is having sex with other women instead of her. The hurt of rejection is rooted so deeply she begins to have an affair on her husband with Francis. After, reading Crossing the Mangrove the stories of each individual character offers something new to the story. Expecting everyone to meet standards you have set is unfair. I believe each individual should be allowed a second opportunity. The town was quick to pass judgment based on Francis looks and his silence instead of embracing him. I believe all the males being jealous of his lifestyle passed judgment instead seeking wisdom. I truly believe that in order to get respect you first have to give it. They should love and Francis might have openly disclosed his background.

John Austins Theory of Sovereignty free essay sample

The concept of sovereignty is one of the most complex in political science, with many definitions, some totally contradictory. Usually, sovereignty is defined in one of two ways. The first definition applies to supreme public power, which has the right and, in theory, the capacity to impose its authority in the last instance. The second definition refers to the holder of legitimate power, who is recognized to have authority. When national sovereignty is discussed, the first definition applies, and it refers in particular to independence, understood as the freedom of a collective entity to act. When popular sovereignty is discussed, the second definition applies, and sovereignty is associated with power and legitimacy. Sovereignty and Political Authority On the international level, sovereignty means independence, i. e. , noninterference by external powers in the internal affairs of another state. International norms are based on the principle of the sovereign equality of independent states; international law excludes interference and establishes universally-accepted rules. We will write a custom essay sample on John Austins Theory of Sovereignty or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thus, sovereignty is eminently rational, if not dialectical, since the sovereignty of a state depends not only on the autonomous will of its sovereign, but also on its standing vis-a-vis other sovereign states. From this perspective, one can say that the sovereignty of any single state is the logical consequence of the existence of several sovereign states. It is thus a serious mistake to assume that sovereignty is possible only within the framework of the classic type of state, i. e. , a nation-state, as do representatives of the â€Å"realist† school, such as Alan James and F. H. Hinsley, or neo-Marxist theoreticians like Justin Rosenberg. One should not confuse the concepts of nation and state, which do not necessarily belong together, or assume that the concept of sovereignty was formulated clearly only in terms of the theory of the state. Closer to the truth is John Hoffman’s assertion that â€Å"sovereignty has been an insoluble problem ever since it became associated with the state. Even though a concept of sovereignty did not exist before the 16th century, it does not follow that the phenomenon did not exist in political reality, and that it could not have been conceptualized differently. For example, Aristotle does not mention sovereignty, but the fact that he insists on the necessity for a supreme power shows that he was familiar with the idea, since any supreme power — kuphian aphen with the Greeks; summum imperium with the Romans — is sovereign by definition. Sovereignty is not related to any particular form of government or to any particular political organization; on the contrary, it is inherent in any form of political authority. The problem with sovereignty appeared at the end of the Middle Ages, when the question posed was no longer only about the best form of government or the limits of political authority, but about the relation between the government and the people, i. e. , the relation between ruler and ruled in a political community. What is sovereignty? Alain de Benoist 1. 2 John Austin Austins basic approach was to ascertain what can be said generally, but still with interest, about all laws. Austins analysis can be seen as either a paradigm of, or a caricature of, analytical philosophy, in that his discussions are dryly full of distinctions, but are thin in argument. The modern reader is forced to fill in much of the meta-theoretical, justificatory work, as it cannot be found in the text. Where Austin does articulate his methodology and objective, it is a fairly traditional one: he â€Å"endeavored to resolve a  law  (taken with the largest signification which can be given to that term  properly) into the necessary and essential elements of which it is composed† As to what is the core nature of law, Austins answer is that laws (â€Å"properly so called†) are commands of a sovereign. He clarifies the concept of positive law (that is, man-made law) by analyzing the constituent concepts of his definition, and by distinguishing law from other concepts that are similar: * â€Å"Commands† involve an expressed wish that something be done, combined with a willingness and ability to impose â€Å"an evil† if that wish is not complied with. Rules are general commands (applying generally to a class), as contrasted with specific or individual commands (â€Å"drink wine today† or â€Å"John Major must drink wine†). Positive law consists of those commands laid down by a sovereign (or its agents), to be contrasted to other law-givers, like Gods general commands, and the general commands of an employer to an employee. * The â€Å"sovereign† is defined as a person (or determinate body of persons) who receives habitual obedience from the bulk of the population, but who does not habitually obey any other (earthly) person or institution. Austin thought that all independent political societies, by their nature, have a sovereign. * Positive law should also be contrasted with â€Å"laws by a close analogy† (which includes positive morality, laws of honor, international law, customary law, and constitutional law) and â€Å"laws by remote analogy† (e. g. , the laws of physics). Austin also wanted to include within â€Å"the province of jurisprudence† certain â€Å"exceptions,† items which did not fit his criteria but which should nonetheless be studied with other â€Å"laws properly so called†: repealing laws, declarative laws, and â€Å"imperfect laws†Ã¢â‚¬â€laws prescribing action but without sanctions (a concept Austin ascribes to â€Å"Roman [law] jurists In the criteria set out above, Austin succeeded in delimiting law and legal rules from religion, morality, convention, and custom. However, also excluded from â€Å"the province of jurisprudence† were customary law (except to the extent that the sovereign had, directly or indirectly, adopted such customs as law), public international law, and parts of constitutional law. Within Austins approach, whether something is or is not â€Å"law† depends on which people have done what: the question turns on an empirical investigation, and it is a matter mostly of power, not of morality. Of course, Austin is not arguing that law should not be moral, nor is he implying that it rarely is. Austin is not playing the nihilist or the skeptic. He is merely pointing out that there is much that is law that is not moral, and what makes something law does nothing to guarantee its moral value. â€Å"The most pernicious laws, and therefore those which are most opposed to the will of God, have been and are continually enforced as laws by judicial tribunals† In contrast to his mentor Bentham, Austin, in his early lectures, accepted judicial lawmaking as â€Å"highly beneficial and even absolutely necessary†). Nor did Austin find any difficulty incorporating judicial lawmaking into his command theory: he characterized that form of lawmaking, along with the occasional legal/judicial recognition of customs by judges, as the â€Å"tacit commands† of the sovereign, the sovereigns affirming the â€Å"orders† by its acquiescence. It should be noted, however, that one of Austins later lectures listed the many problems that can come with judicial legislation, and recommended codification of the law instead.